Preparation of Lead-free Two-Dimensional-Layered (C₈H₁₇NH₃)₂SnBr₄ Perovskite Scintillators and Their Application in X-ray Imaging

Abstract

Scintillators, as spectral and energy transformers, are essential for X-ray imaging applications. However, their current disadvantages, including high-temperature sintering and generation of agglomerated powders or large bulk crystals, may not meet the increasing demands of low cost, nontoxicity, and flexible radiation detection. Thus, improved perovskite scintillators are developed in this research. A hybrid perovskite ((C8H17NH3)2SnBr4), which is nontoxic, lead-free, and organic–inorganic, is developed as a scintillator with good emission performance and radioluminescence intensity. These perovskite scintillators are synthesized at low temperatures in an aqueous acid solution, through which they generate a near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield of 98% with the excitation of ultraviolet light. As far as we know, this work is the first to show that the two-dimensional (2D) (C8H17NH3)2SnBr4 perovskite scintillator films prepared by coating a polymer layer can be applied to an X-ray imaging system. The results demonstrate that the low cost X-ray imaging device with good resolution and performance benefits dramatically from this lead-free organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite film. Therefore, this 2D-layered (C8H17NH3)2SnBr4 perovskite scintillator may be a high potential candidate for scintillating material for X-ray imaging techniques.

Highly Efficient and Tunable Emission of Lead‐Free Manganese Halides toward White Light‐Emitting Diode and X‐Ray Scintillation Applications

“…[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Some lead-free perovskites or variants such as Bi, Ce-codoped Cs 2 Ag 0.6 Na 0.4 InCl 6 , [37] (C 4 N 2 H 14 Br) 4 SnBr 6 , [38] and (TEBA) 2 SbCl 5 [28] have exhibited high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of over 80% and been used as downconversion phosphors to achieve white light emission blended with corresponding commercial phosphors. In addition, some analogs with high PLQY and large stokes shifts such as (C 8 H 17 NH 3 ) 2 SnBr 4 , [39] Cs 2 Ag 0.6 Na 0.4 In 0.85 Bi 0.15 Cl 6 , [40] and Rb 2 CuBr 3 [41] have also been studied as X-ray scintillators showing high light yield under X-ray excitation. Although some encouraging results are achieved, LFMHPs and their derivatives as next-generation light-emitting materials still have hurdles to address.…”

Large Lead‐Free Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance Coplanar X‐Ray Imaging Applications

“…[ 23,24 ] Since then, X‐ray detection using many Pb‐based perovskites has been demonstrated. [ 25–40 ] To replace the toxic Pb, X‐ray detectors employing (C 8 H 17 NH 3 ) 2 SnBr 4 , [ 41 ] Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 , [ 42–45 ] Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 , [ 46–48 ] (NH 4 ) 3 Bi 2 I 9 , [ 49 ] (BA) 2 CsAgBiBr 7 , [ 50 ] and Cs 2 TeI 6 [ 51 ] have been reported to demonstrate good sensitivity, and most of them significantly outperform the commercial α‐Se X‐ray detectors. However, some problems such as high‐temperature preparation, a large number of crystal defects, poor uniformity, low resistivity, and high leakage current, serious ion migration and instability are still serious enough to hamper their application in devices.…”

Halide Perovskite, a Potential Scintillator for X‐Ray Detection

“…used 2D tin halide perovskite ((C 8 H 17 NH 3 ) 2 SnBr 4 ) scintillators with nearly 100% quantum yield and long luminescence decay time (τ = 3.34 μs) for X‐ray imaging for the first time, as shown in Figure a. [ 150 ] This nontoxicity, non‐lead, organic–inorganic mixed perovskite scintillator is synthesized at low temperature in an acidic aqueous solution, and has good emission performance and radiant luminescence intensity and produces nearly 98% photoluminescence under the excitation of ultraviolet light quantum yield. In addition, the resulting scintillator is less toxic, which can further suppress its adverse effects on the environment and the human body.…”