“…This, however, is far from conclusive evidence since the possibility exists that these factors may have arisen due to the difference in difficulty level of the test items rather than to a difference in their psychological requirements. Factors that arise due to varying levels of item difficulty are called "artifact~al~~ factors (Carol, 1961;Cattell, 1952;Guilford, 1963). At present there is no consensus among statisticians as to the best way to differentiate artifactual (difficulty) factors from psychological factors (Rummel, 1970).…”