Rose fragrance, containing many kinds of volatile compound, is widely applied in the textile and cosmetics industry. If it can be encapsulated into polymer materials, the duration of its aroma can be extended for a much longer period. Microcapsules cannot be firmly fixed on the fibres, due to their size limitation. However, encapsulating fragrance in nanocapsules could avoid the evaporation of volatile components and prolong the service life of aromatic textiles. In this study, polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability was used to encapsulate rose fragrance to form nanocapsules via anionic polymerization. The mean diameter of the nanocapsules was 67.3 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 65.83% with 0.8% BCA, 0.5% rose fragrance, 2.6% polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween-20),