Preparation of Hydroxyapatite-Titanium Dioxide Composite from Eggshell by Hydrothermal Method: Characterization and Antibacterial Activity

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used in biomedical applications. HA is prepared from natural sources of eggshell. The obtained HA is composited with TiO2 using the hydrothermal method at a temperature of 230 °C. The structure and morphology of HA-TiO2 composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Meanwhile, its antibacterial activity was tested on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The formation of the HA-TiO2 composite is evidenced by typical peaks on the XRD pattern for HA and TiO2. The FTIR spectrum shows that no bond formed between TiO2 and HA which indicates the formation of composites. The smallest crystallite size and the highest specific surface area were obtained from the composite with the composition of HA-TiO2 30:70. In addition, the composition of the composite also shows the smallest particle size distribution. Therefore, the presence of TiO2 plays a significant role in determining the HA properties formed. Furthermore, the HA-TiO2 composite showed good antibacterial activity using disk diffusion and optical density (OD) methods. These results indicate that the synergistic combination of HA from eggshell with TiO2 has favorable properties for antibacterial activity.

Heterophase Polymorph of TiO2 (Anatase, Rutile, Brookite, TiO2 (B)) for Efficient Photocatalyst: Fabrication and Activity

“…The hydrothermal process has strengths over other procedures, including excellent purity and crystallinity in the synthesized materials. Additionally, this technique yields a homogenous particle size distribution with a performance of more than 90% [ 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 ]. In the hydrothermal method, the trigger for the appearance of the rutile phase is pH [ 220 ], using the precursor [ 221 ], and using certain solvents [ 222 ].…”

Preparation and Application of Apatite–TiO2 Composite Opacifier: Preventing Titanium Glaze Yellowing through Pre-Combination

“…In the infrared spectrum of HAP, the characteristic peaks at 567, 607, 963, 1041, and 1097 cm −1 belong to the vibration of the hydroxyapatite PO 4 3− tetrahedron [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. The absorption peak at 3569 cm −1 is related to -OH in HAP, and the absorption peak at 1649 cm −1 is related to the adsorbed H 2 O [ 29 ]. After the HAP and TiO 2 composite, the wide absorption band of the Ti-O-Ti bond of the ATO sample appears at 500–1000 cm −1 .…”

“…The detailed correspondence between the absorption peak and the functional group is shown in Table 2. [28] 1655 -1654 Ti-OH (TiO 2 ) [13] -3299 3275 P-OH (HAP) [29] 3569 -3572…”

“…Vibration Type Wavenumber (nm −1 ) HAP TiO2 ATO Ti−O−Ti [14] -500−800 500-800 PO4 3-(γ4) [24] 567, 607 -559, 601 CO3 2- [25] 874, 1417, 1452 -874, 1417, 1452 PO4 3-(γ1) [26] 963 -959 PO4 3-(γ3) [27] 1041, 1097 -1037, 1094 H−O−H (HAP) [28] 1655 -1654 Ti−OH (TiO2) [13] -3299 3275 P−OH (HAP) [29] 3569 -3572…”

Morphology Control of Hydroxyapatite as a Potential Reinforcement for Orthopedic Biomaterials: The Hydrothermal Process

“…The chemical methods used for the production of HAp can be divided into two categories: dry methods involving solid phases, including reactions at high temperatures and pressures [25,26], and wet methods based on the precipitation of components from aqueous solutions. The dry methods group of synthesis techniques includes chemical precipitation [27], hydrolysis [28], sol-gel [29], hydrothermal [30,31], emulsion [32], and sonochemical methods [33,34]. With an aim of controlling the process of ceramic formation, the hydrothermal processing method seems to be the perfect solution.…”