“…As we know, the charge density of membrane surface plays a key role in the separation performance of the membranes [35], however, HNTs own a low charge density, which could not affect the membrane potential when they are embedded into the polymer matrix. The sulfonic acid group, owing a higher charge density, has been widely used in the application of separation process [36]. Given the fact that soluble sulfonic acid group is easily leached out during the phase inversion process, it is desirable to introduce the sulfonic acid group onto the HNTs surface, thus notably improving the hydrophilicity and charge density of HNTs surface.…”