A new chemical dual-functional reducing agent, thiophene, was used to produce high-quality reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a result of a chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and the healing of rGO. Thiophene reduced GO by donation of electrons with acceptance of oxygen while it was converted into an intermediate oxidised polymerised thiophene that was eventually transformed into polyhydrocarbon by loss of sulphur atoms. Surprisingly, the polyhydrocarbon template helped to produce good-quality rGO C (chemically reduced) and high-quality rGO CT after thermal treatment. The resulting rGO CT nanosheets did not contain any nitrogen or sulphur impurities, were highly deoxygenated and showed a healing effect. Thus the electrical properties of the as-prepared rGO CT were superior to those of conventional hydrazine-produced rGO that require harsh reaction conditions. Our novel dual reduction and healing method with thiophene could potentially save energy and facilitate the commercial mass production of high-quality graphene.G raphene has attracted great interest because of its unique physical properties 1 arising from its rigid twodimensional (2D) structure, and its potential applications in nanoelectronics 2 , energy storage materials 3 , polymer composite materials 4 and sensing 5 . Mechanical exfoliation is one of the successful approaches that have been developed for the preparation of high-quality graphene sheets suitable for fundamental studies, but large-scale production of such pure graphene sheets remains unfeasible. Instead, chemical graphitisation from graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is generally used for mass production of graphene [6][7][8][9][10] . Numerous reducing chemicals such as hydrazine 11 , NaBH 4 12 , hydriodic acid (HI) 13 , NaOH 14 , ascorbic acid 15 and glucose 16 have been used to convert GO to rGO. However, all of these reducing agents produce imperfect rGOs containing a high level of defects or disorders. Recently, Amarnath et al. introduced a pyrrole as a new chemical reducing agent in this process, but the C/O ratio showed that GO was not fully reduced and the resulting rGO contained high nitrogen contamination emanating from the nitrogen source 17 . Kaminska et al. also introduced reduction and functionalization of graphene oxide using tetrathiafulvalene 18 . Despite the urgent need for production of a defect-free rGO, there have not been any reports of chemical healing of the defects of heteroatom-free rGO in the reduction process of GO to rGO. In addition, the development of novel reduction methods that are environmentally friendly, mild, and cost effective ways remains a challenge for mass production of high-quality rGOs by chemical healing.In this study, we introduce a new dual-functional reducing agent, thiophene (T) which has lower reactivity than pyrrole 17 and produces high-quality, heteroatom-free rGOs by chemical healing reduction of GO. Thiophene can be used to reduce as-prepared GO by dual-functional electron donation and oxygen consumption. It is also ...