“…Seen from Fig. 1d, the as-fabricated pristine TiO 2 NTs exhibited typical UV light absorption spectrum, corresponding to the electronic transition from O 2À anti-bonding orbital to the lowest empty orbital of Ti 4þ (O2p / Ti3d) (Cheng et al, 2014). Besides, pristine TiO 2 NTs also displayed broad light absorption around 410e800 nm, probably caused by the following aspects including the trapped charge carriers or some color centers, as well as the absorption of incident light by the nano-tubes (Zhuang et al, 2007).…”