Preparation of glucose‐sensitive and fluorescence micelles via a combination of photoinitiated polymerization and chemoenzymatic transesterification for the controlled release of insulin

Abstract

Glucose-sensitive and fluorescence copolymer micelles were designed and prepared via a combination of photoinitiated polymerization and enzymatic transesterification. The water-soluble photoinitiator and emulsifier 2-oxooctanoic acid self-polymerized dimer molecules under UV irradiation were characterized by mass spectrometry. The fluorescence dye (9-anthracene alcohol) and biocompatible hydrophilic chains [poly(ethylene glycol)] were introduced to the polymer chains during the photopolymerization and enzymatic transesterification processes. The as-prepared copolymers were confirmed by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The resulting copolymers exhibited excellent glucose sensitivity and stability against protein. The optical fluorescence properties of the copolymer micelles were investigated with fluorescence spectrophotometry, fluorescence microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Because of the amphiphilic feature, the micelles could be self-assembled and used to load insulin. The controlled release of insulin was evaluated and was triggered by glucose in vitro. This study provided a new strategy for fabricating functional carriers as self-regulated insulin-release systems. V C 2015Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43026.

Phenylboronic acid-diol crosslinked 6-O-vinylazeloyl-d-galactose nanocarriers for insulin delivery

“…A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T 31 have also been conducted [50][51][52]. Fig.11C and Fig.11D shows that the insulin levels were about 19~25 mIU/L in the control group and were about 10~15 mIU/L in the diabetic group indicating that both insulin injection treatment and the insulin-loaded NPs groups show a sharp increase in the plasma insulin concentration.…”

A composite hydrogel system containing glucose-responsive nanocarriers for oral delivery of insulin

“…Among them, polymeric nanocarriers have gained a lot of attention in oral insulin delivery. [7][8][9][10][11][12] They can offer drug protection and facilitate drug absorption through the intestinal mucosa due to the increasing the time and amount of interaction with the mucus layer of the intestine. [8] Nanocarriers of natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers [6,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and lipids [20] have been used to date for oral delivery of insulin.…”