Preparation of glass ionomer cement using N-acryloyl-substituted amino acid monomers — Evaluation of physical properties

The role of poly(acrylic acid) in conventional glass polyalkenoate cements

“…Other additives including, but not restricted to, phosphoric [88], amino [89], maleic [90], itaconic [91] and oxalic acids [92] have been studied and discussed in other review papers [3,7,40]. Yet, they are not the focus of this review article.…”

Effects of incorporation of nano-fluorapatite particles on microhardness, fluoride releasing properties, and biocompatibility of a conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC)

“…However, GICs suffer from low mechanical properties, brittleness, unfavorable appearance, and moisture sensitivity in the early stages of the placement. These disadvantages prevent broader clinical applications of GICs, as they are not as durable as resin composites in everyday dentistry [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] . Although stronger GICs with tooth-like appearance and improved handling characteristics are now available, lack of strength and toughness are still major problems [4][5][6][7][8] .…”

Synthesis and application of a novel star-hyperbranched poly(acrylic acid) for improved dental restoratives

“…Despite numerous advantages of GICs, brittleness, low tensile and flexural strengths have limited the current GICs for use only at certain low stress-bearing sites such as Class III and Class V cavities [1,2]. Much effort has been made to improve the mechanical strengths of GICs [1,4,11] and the focus has been mainly on improvement of polymer backbone or matrix [1,4,11,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Briefly two main strategies have been applied.…”

“…Briefly two main strategies have been applied. One is to incorporate hydrophobic pendent (meth)acrylate moieties onto the polyacid backbone in GIC to make it become light-or redox-initiated resin-modified GIC (RMGIC) [12][13][14][15]17] and the other is to directly increase molecular weight (MW) of the polyacid [16][17][18]. As a result, the former has shown significantly improved tensile and flexural strengths as well as handling properties [12][13][14][15]17].…”

“…As a result, the former has shown significantly improved tensile and flexural strengths as well as handling properties [12][13][14][15]17]. The strategy of increasing MW of the polyacid by either introducing amino acid derivatives or N-vinylpyrrolidone has also shown enhanced mechanical strengths [16][17][18]; however, the working properties were somehow decreased because strong chain entanglements formed in these high MW linear polyacids resulted in an increased solution viscosity [16,17]. It is known that viscosity is inversely proportional to MW of a polymer and a polymer with high MW often show both high mechanical strengths and viscosity [7,8].…”