Preparation of fluorinated chitosan‐based multifunctional materials with rapid hemostasis, anti‐infection, and non‐adhesive properties for wounds

Abstract

Excessive bleeding can give rise to a range of pathologies, encompassing hypothermia, coagulation disorders, infection, and hemorrhagic shock. Uncontrolled massive blood loss stands as one of the foremost contributors to mortality. Consequently, higher requirements are put forward for the promptness and efficacy of hemostasis. At present, the hemostatic materials available on the market still have the problem that the hemostatic effect is not ideal, the antibacterial effect is poor, which is easy to cause wound infection, and the removal of hemostatic materials will cause secondary bleeding. The present study describes the development of a novel multifunctional hemostatic material based on carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). First, the fluorinated CMC (CMC‐FDA) is successfully synthesized via the Michael addition reaction utilizing 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H‐fluorodecyl alcohol (FDA), followed by the preparation of CMC‐FDA/PHMB materials through electrostatic interactions with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). The successful synthesis of CMC‐FDA/PHMB was characterized by XPS, FT‐IR, NMR, and so forth. The CMC‐FDA/PHMB coating exhibits excellent hemostatic properties through in vivo liver hemostasis and in vitro caudation hemostasis experiments. The hemostatic effect of CMC‐FDA/PHMB is highly pronounced, as evidenced by the results obtained for hemostasis time and blood loss. The experiment of simulating dynamic blood loss further confirmed that the gauze coated with CMC‐FDA/PHMB has excellent hemostatic performance. Moreover, the synthesized CMC‐FDA/PHMB coating demonstrates significant anti‐adhesion and antibacterial properties of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which could prevent of wound infection. Furthermore, the CMC‐FDA/PHMB coating exhibits non‐wettability due to its low surface energy of FDA, which can prevent blood wetting and thus play a hemostatic effect, synergistically with CMC. Additionally, the CMC‐FDA/PHMB coating demonstrates easy separation from the wound site attributed to it hydrophobic property. The results of the hemolysis and cytotoxicity tests verified the excellent biocompatibility of the CMC‐FDA/PHMB coating. This CMC‐FDA/PHMB material hold promising potential for rapid hemostasis and prevention of wound infection.