Biomassflare
gas synergistic coprocessing is a novel energy
conversion technology that aims at harnessing an abundant renewable
energy source: biomass and mitigate shale gas flaring. p-Cresol is used to represent lignin- and biomass-derived oxygenates
for performing experimental and molecular reaction engineering of
methane-assisted hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), hydrogenolysis reforming.
The reaction pathway was also demonstrated on complex feedstocks like
lignin and biomass, which contain a wide range of oxygenates in their
composition. Novel in situ catalyst synthesis using a biomass precursor
was achieved through pyrolysis to yield graphene nanosheet (GNS)-supported
transition metal (TM) and Mo2C nanoparticles. Experimental
work and density functional theory (DFT) modeling calculations were
performed for methane-assisted p-cresol reforming
using Fe, Ni, Mo2C, Fe–Mo2C, Ni–Mo2C, and Pd–Mo2C supported on GNS. Detailed
mechanistic investigation of the methane–p-cresol synergistic reaction experimentally and through DFT-based
molecular simulations helped ascertain the unique reaction pathway
occurring on bifunctional (dual) active site-TM-doped β-Mo2C. Without TM doping, Mo2C is equally effective
as Fe–Mo2C-GNS and Ni–Mo2C-GNS
for CH4 dissociation and p-cresol HDO
but presents a significantly higher barrier for H2 (1.7
eV vs 1.15, 1.13 eV) and CO (3.67 eV vs 2.87, 2.80 eV) gas-phase desorption.
Dual active sites are required for hydrogen-rich syngas production
through methane-assisted p-cresol reforming as validated
by experiments, DFT calculations, and microkinetic modeling. Lignin
and hardwood biomass both having a higher O/C weight ratio compared
to p-cresol (0.46, 1.09 vs 0.19) were coprocessed
with CH4 over Fe–Mo2C-GNS, Ni–Mo2C-GNS, and Pd–Mo2C-GNS catalysts. Fe-added
Mo2C nanoparticles dispersed in the graphene support were
found to be highly active for simultaneous CH4 activation
and extensive HDO of p-cresol, lignin, and hardwood
biomass. Higher HDO conversion and H2/CO ratios were obtained
from CH4-assisted lignin/biomass reforming over Fe–Mo2C-GNS. Up to 99% hydrogen present in lignin could be valorized as
syngas with a concentration of >65%.