Preparation of Fe-intercalated Graphite Based on Coal Tailings, Dimensional Structure

Abstract

<p>Intercalated graphite from coal tailings have been modified through the intercalation of iron. Coal tailings which is a byproduct of the destruction process and flakes washing results from mining coal. Intercalation of iron goal is to improve the physical properties of graphite and modifying sizes of crystal lattice structure with thermal method. Modification process begins with the carbonization of coal tailings at 500ºC and activated with phosphoric acid. Activation process has done by pyrolysis at 700ºC. The results of pyrolysis was soaked in mineral oil for 24 hours, then pyrolysis again with variations in temperature 800°C and 900ºC for 1 hour and subsequent intercalation iron at 1% and 2%. Material before activated, after activated, and the results of pyrolysis still indicates order nano: 29, 25 and 36 nm respectively. X-ray diffraction characterization results indicate that change in the structure, the sizes crystal lattice structure of the material The greater the concentration of iron was added, the resulting peak at 2θ = 33 and 35 also will be more sharply. The results of SEM showed different morphologies from each treatment.</p>

Composite Membranes Based on Sulfonated Polysulfone and Natural Zeolite for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

“…The previous study has reported that conductivity composite membranes based on sulfonated polysulfone and activated carbon has been measured as 8.8 x 10 -4 S/cm at 40 °C. 17 The conductivity isotherm illustrates that the DC conductivities of SPSU-NZ composite membranes strongly depend on temperature as well as on the mass ratio of NZ. However, the DC conductivity illustrates that the NZ content increases the conductivity for SPSU-NZ: 1:0.5 composite membrane, and decreases the conductivity for SPSU-NZ; 1:1.…”

“…17 Compared with the sulfonated spectrum, there is the difference. Differences in the spectrum of sulfonated polysulfone and polysulfone are particularly apparent in the area of the wavelength number 3700-2900 cm -1 and near the region 1310-1200 cm -1 , where the polysulfone spectrum does not show the vibration of the OH strain and the symmetry O = S = O of the cluster sulfonate -SO3.…”

“…This phenomenon has been reported by previous studies. [15][16][17] is the peak stretching of O-H, where water is absorbed in the cavity and zeolite channel. While the peak at about 1635 cm -1 corresponds to the bending mode of O-H water.…”

“…[15][16][17] The sulfonation degree (DS) of polysulfone was measured by acid-base titrimetric method. The sulfonation ratio of sulfonated polysulfone was calculated as 187% ((mol SO3H/repeat unit) x 100).…”

"SYNERGISTIC ABILITY OF PSf AND PVDF TO DEVELOP HIGH-PERFORMANCE PSf/PVDF COATED MEMBRANE FOR WATER TREATMENT"

“…Polysulfone (PSf) has excellent chemical resistance almost an entire range of pH (2-13) and oxidative medium (5-7% hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide 3-5%). [26][27][28][29][30] However, PSf tends to form symmetry structures with high mass transfer resistance so that the fouling tendency becomes higher than the asymmetric membrane. In addition, the PSf membrane has a characteristical structure with large pore diameter but with a highly porous layer thickness.…”