Preparation of Extracellular Matrix Developed Using Porcine Articular Cartilage and In Vitro Feasibility Study of Porcine Articular Cartilage as an Anti-Adhesive Film

Abstract

In this study, we examined whether porcine articular cartilage (PAC) is a suitable and effective anti-adhesive material. PAC, which contained no non-collagenous tissue components, was collected by mechanical manipulation and decellularization of porcine knee cartilage. The PAC film for use as an anti-adhesive barrier was easily shaped into various sizes using homemade silicone molds. The PAC film was cross-linked to study the usefulness of the anti-adhesive barrier shape. The cross-linked PAC (Cx-PAC) film showed more stable physical properties over extended periods compared to uncross-linked PAC (UnCx-PAC) film. To control the mechanical properties, Cx-PAC film was thermally treated at 45 °C or 65 °C followed by incubation at room temperature. The Cx-PAC films exhibited varying enthalpies, ultimate tensile strength values, and contact angles before and after thermal treatment and after incubation at room temperature. Next, to examine the anti-adhesive properties, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured on Cx-PAC and thermal-treated Cx-PAC films. Scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence, and MTT assays showed that HUVECs were well adhered to the surface of the plate and proliferated, indicating no inhibition of the attachment and proliferation of HUVECs. In contrast, Cx-PAC and thermal-treated Cx-PAC exhibited little and/or no cell attachment and proliferation because of the inhibition effect on HUVECs. In conclusion, we successfully developed a Cx-PAC film with controllable mechanical properties that can be used as an anti-adhesive barrier.

Cross‐linked cartilage acellular matrix film decreases postsurgical peritendinous adhesions

“…Boyden chamber assay results, however, showed that the CX‐CAM extracted medium inhibited cellular recruitment in both HUVECs and fibroblasts (Figure B). The biologic effects of these CX‐CAM films are consistent with our previous results . As the film is readily degraded in vivo (Figure B), it can be inferred that biological soluble molecules associated with antiadhesion and antiangiogenesis are released from CAM film posttransplantation.…”

“…It is also naturally devoid of blood vessels . Decellularized cartilage ECM retains many key components that endow the above characteristics, such as collagens, GAG, and antiangiogenic molecules such as chondromodulin‐1, thrombospondin‐1, and endostatin . We have previously fabricated a decellularized cartilage ECM film derived from porcine chondrocytes and observed good results in terms of cartilage repair.…”

“…The ECM film was biomechanically strong enough to withstand sutures and joint motion, while also exhibiting good biocompatibility in canine model and clinical trials . Furthermore, we have previously developed a decellularized cartilage ECM film derived directly from porcine cartilage tissue and have observed not only antiadhesion and antiangiogenic potential, but also controllable mechanical properties via chemical cross‐linking . Preclinical investigations of this material in postoperative abdominal adhesion models have been performed, resulting in decreased adhesion formation .…”

“…Cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) contains antiadhesive and antiangiogenic molecules such as chondromodulin‐1, thrombospondin‐1, and endostatin . We have developed a film type biomaterial consisting of porcine cartilage acellular matrix (CAM) and have investigated its biomechanical properties and antiadhesive properties in vitro and in an abdominal surgery rat model .…”

“…Cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) contains antiadhesive and antiangiogenic molecules such as chondromodulin‐1, thrombospondin‐1, and endostatin . We have developed a film type biomaterial consisting of porcine cartilage acellular matrix (CAM) and have investigated its biomechanical properties and antiadhesive properties in vitro and in an abdominal surgery rat model . Furthermore, we have modified CAM for use in abdominal surgery adhesions by tuning the degradation time to 5‐7 d, in the form of cross‐linked electrospun CAM/poly (caprolactone‐co‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) nanofiber .…”