Preparation of environmentally friendly activated carbon for removal of pesticide from aqueous media

The choice of activating agent for the thermochemical production of high-grade activated carbon (AC) from agricultural residues and wastes, such as feedstock, requires innovative methods. Overcoming energy losses, and using the best techniques to minimise secondary contamination and improve adsorptivity, are critical. Here, we review the importance and influence of activating agents on agricultural waste: how they react and compare conventional and microwave processes. In particular, adsorbent pore characteristics, surface chemistry interactions and production modes were compared with traditional methods. It was concluded that there are no best activating agents; rather, each agent reacts uniquely with a precursor, and the optimum choice depends on the target adsorbent. Natural chemicals can also be as effective as inorganic activating agents, and offer the advantages that they are usually safe, and readily available. The use of a microwave, as an innovative pyrolysis approach, can enhance the activation process within a duration of 1–4 h and temperature of 500–1200 °C, after which the yield and efficiency decline rapidly due to molecular breakdown. This study also examines the biomass milling process requirements; the influence of the dielectric properties, along with the effect of washing; and experimental setup challenges. The microwave setup system, biomass feed rate, product delivery, inert gas flow rate, reactor design and recovery lines are all important factors in the microwave activation process, and contribute to the overall efficiency of AC preparation. However, a major issue is a lack of large-scale industrial demonstration units for microwave technology.

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“…Adsorption capacity is generally determined by the percentage of the pollutant removed, calculated as in Equations ( 2) and ( 3) [154]:…”

Section: Adsorption and Kinetics Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Chemicals to Produce Activated Carbon from Agricultural Waste Biomass

et al. 2019

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“…More specifically, we focused on the removal of carbamate pesticide oxamyl (methyl N0-dimethyl-N-[(methyl carbamoyl) oxy]-l-thiooxamimidate) through adsorption and photodegradation in darkness and sunlight exposure, respectively. Oxamyl was selected as a model pesticide as it is applied to various crops, including vegetables, fruits, soya beans, potatoes, and sugar beet, to control nematodes [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removing the Oxamyl from Aqueous Solution by a Green Synthesized HTiO2@AC/SiO2 Nanocomposite: Combined Effects of Adsorption and Photocatalysis

et al. 2022

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The photocatalytic degradation and adsorption of the oxamyl pesticide utilizing a nano-HTiO2@activated carbon-amorphous silica nanocomposite catalyst (HTiO2@AC/SiO2). Sol-gel Synthesis was used to produce HTiO2@AC/SiO2, which was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and an X-ray diffractometer. The analyses confirmed that HTiO2 is mainly present in its crystalline form at a size of 7–9 nm. The efficiency of HTiO2@AC/SiO2 was assessed at various pHs, catalyst doses, agitating intensities, initial pesticide concentrations, contact times, and temperatures under visible light and in darkness. Oxamyl adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that the adsorption process is dominated by chemisorption, as supported by a calculated activation energy of −182.769 kJ/mol. The oxamyl adsorption is compatible with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, suggesting a maximum adsorption capacity of 312.76 mg g−1. The adsorption capacity increased slightly with increasing temperature (283 K < 323 K < 373 K), suggesting an exothermic process with the Gibbs free energy change ΔG, enthalpy change ΔH, and entropy change ΔS°, being –3.17 kJ/mol, −8.85 kJ/mol, and −0.019 J/mol K, respectively, at 310 K for HTiO2@AC/SiO2 under visible light. This indicates spontaneous adsorption, and negative (ΔS) explain a decreased randomness process. HTiO2@AC/SiO2 would be a promising material.

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“…2A). The bands at around 1033 cm -1 are assigned to C-H in plane absorptions (Mohammad and Ahmed 2017). In the case of BRH, the peaks at about 3400-3500 cm -1 are due to the phenolic O-H stretching band, whereas the peaks at about 2800-3000 cm -1 are related to -CH2 and -CH3 stretching bands (Chen et al 2011).…”

Section: (B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2B). The hydrophilic properties of GAC were considerably enhanced by these oxygen functional groups, which can act as binding sites for the removal of 2,4-D (Mohammad and Ahmed 2017). However, the spectrum of GAC displays a considerable shift in the -OH group from 3424 to 3458 cm -1 , along with a marked shift from 1041 to 1106 cm -1 that may be related to the electron-donating electrostatic interaction between the positive surface of GAC and the 2,4-D molecule (see Fig.…”

Section: (B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A response surface methodology for optimization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid removal from synthetic and drainage water: a comparative study

Amiri

Bahrami

Beigzadeh

et al. 2018

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The potential of a granular activated carbon (GAC), a rice husk biochar (BRH) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for removing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from simulated wastewater and drainage water has been evaluated. In this regard, a response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD) (CCD-RSM design) was used to optimize the removal of 2,4-D from simulated wastewater under different operational parameters. The maximum adsorption capacities followed the order GAC > BRH > MWCNTs, whereas the equilibrium time increased in the order MWCNTs < GAC < BRH. In the case of GAC and BRH, the 2,4-D removal percentage increased significantly upon increasing the adsorbent dosage and temperature and decreased upon increasing the initial 2,4-D concentration and pH. The results showed that the contact time and temperature were not important as regards the adsorption efficiency of 2,4-D by MWCNTs, whereas rapid removal of 2,4-D from simulated wastewater was achieved within the first 5 min of contact with the MWCNTs. The results confirmed that the Freundlich isotherm model with the highest coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and the lowest standard error of the estimate (SEE) satisfactorily fitted the 2,4-D experimental data. In addition, successful usage of the three adsorbents investigated was observed for removal of 2,4-D from drainage water from an agricultural drainage system. An economic analysis with a rate of return (ROR) method indicated that BRH could be used as an eco-friendly, low-cost, versatile and high adsorption capacity alternative to GAC and MWCNTs for the removal of 2,4-D.

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Preparation of environmentally friendly activated carbon for removal of pesticide from aqueous media

Cited by 32 publications

References 52 publications

A Review of Chemicals to Produce Activated Carbon from Agricultural Waste Biomass

A Review of Chemicals to Produce Activated Carbon from Agricultural Waste Biomass

Removing the Oxamyl from Aqueous Solution by a Green Synthesized HTiO2@AC/SiO2 Nanocomposite: Combined Effects of Adsorption and Photocatalysis

A response surface methodology for optimization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid removal from synthetic and drainage water: a comparative study

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