“…However, processing at high temperatures above 700 C was still necessary. 28 Based on this background, we report herein the synthesis of SnO 2 -based composite powders comprising SnO 2 crystals and novel layered SnO x compounds (SnO 2 /layered SnO x compounds) using a simple wet chemical process in aqueous solution without an elevated-temperature heating process or the use of toxic additives such as In or Sb. It is known that compounds of heavy metal cations in groups 12 to 16, such as In, Sn, and Sb, have high electron mobilities because the bottom edge of the conduction band is composed mainly of isotropically delocalized s-orbitals.…”