Preparation of biomass carbon material based on Fomes fomentarius via alkali activation and its application for the removal of brilliant green in wastewater

Cow Dung-Based Biochar Materials Prepared via Mixed Base and Its Application in the Removal of Organic Pollutants

“…As the temperature continued to rise to 500 °C, the samples showed a dramatic weight loss, which could be explained by the high temperature decomposition of the oxygenated components of CD (fat, protein, and lignocellulose, etc.) into tar and combustible gases [ 26 ]. However, when the temperature exceeds 500 °C, the curve becomes stable without further weight loss, indicating that the carbonization process is complete.…”

“…FT-IR were used to investigate the functional groups of the materials, and the results were shown in Figure 2 A. The broadband corresponding to the -OH stretching vibration of hydroxyl functional groups in the range of 3450–3410 cm −1 is still existed, showing the existence of residual oxygen-containing functional groups on the resultant biochar materials [ 25 , 26 ]. The CDC and BMCDs had weaker -CH bonds (2910–2930 cm −1 , -CH group’s symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibration peaks) than the CD, indicating that a considerable quantity of hydrogen was removed during the carbonization and activation procedures [ 27 ].…”

“…N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms were used to obtain the specific surface areas and porosity of the biochar materials, the results were shown as Figure 3 and Table 1 . As can be seen from the inset of Figure 3 A, the specific surface area and the total pore volume of CDC (23.8 m 2 g −1 , 0.0436 cm 3 g −1 ) have been increased relative to that of CD (0.9 m 2 g −1 , 0.0071 cm 3 g −1 ) after carbonization, which may be caused by high-temperature pyrolysis [ 25 , 26 ]. It is worth noting that CDC is not sufficient to support the excellent performance of CD-based on these results; thus, further activation is required to improve the specific surface area and pore volume.…”

“…Like many biochars [ 32 , 33 , 34 ], BMCDs also contain mainly C, O, and N elements ( Figure 4 ). The high-resolution C1s spectrum of the BMCDs showed four peaks, with the typical peaks at 283.91–284.15 eV corresponding to C-C, 285.23–285.69 eV corresponding to C-O, 286.82 eV corresponding to C=O, and 288.20 eV corresponding to O-C=C [ 25 , 26 ]. The high-resolution O1s spectrum of the BMCDs showed three peaks, with the typical peaks at 530.42 eV corresponding to quinones, 531.38 eV corresponding to C=O, 532.10–532.68 eV corresponding to C-O, and 534.13–534.79 eV corresponding to O-H [ 25 , 26 ].…”

“…The high-resolution C1s spectrum of the BMCDs showed four peaks, with the typical peaks at 283.91–284.15 eV corresponding to C-C, 285.23–285.69 eV corresponding to C-O, 286.82 eV corresponding to C=O, and 288.20 eV corresponding to O-C=C [ 25 , 26 ]. The high-resolution O1s spectrum of the BMCDs showed three peaks, with the typical peaks at 530.42 eV corresponding to quinones, 531.38 eV corresponding to C=O, 532.10–532.68 eV corresponding to C-O, and 534.13–534.79 eV corresponding to O-H [ 25 , 26 ]. The high-resolution N1s spectrum of the BMCDs showed two peaks, with the typical peaks at 398.08–399.52 eV corresponding to pyridinic-N and 400.10–400.95 eV corresponding to pyrrolic-N [ 33 ].…”