Preparation of biocompatible hydrogel from lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) as cell carriers

Abstract

Two poplar lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs), LCC-48 and LCC-72, were isolated at different milling times, 48 h and 72 h, respectively. A new hydrogel carrier was prepared from these LCCs in the presence of polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether as the crosslinker for cell (human hepatocyte (L-02)) culture. The effects of the structure of LCC on the carrier were investigated. The FT-IR spectra indicate that the two LCC samples were composed of lignin and polysaccharide, and showed a typical LCC structure. The galactose contents of LCC-48 and LCC-72 were 3.02% and 5.67%, respectively. The results of cell culture show that a large number of hepatocytes adhered to the porous carriers. Hepatocytes grown on the LCC carriers outperformed the control group in every observed category, including cell proliferation rate and metabolic activity. These results indicate that poplar LCC might be a great potential precursor of biological carriers for human hepatocytes culture.

Characterization and Application of Lignin–Carbohydrate Complexes from Lignocellulosic Materials as Antioxidants for Scavenging In Vitro and In Vivo Reactive Oxygen Species

“…It should be pointed out that the signals for ester bonds in LCCs is overlapped with signals of γ-acylated β-O-4 aryl ethers; the calculated esters in LCCs is inevitably overestimated, which has also been reported by Yuan et al 15 and You et al 31 Overall, the different amounts of LCCs linkages will result in the amounts and types of the associated carbohydrates in LCCs preparations, which can further affect their biobased application. 6,21 Antioxidant Activities of LCCs-Bjorkman on Scavenging DPPH and Superoxide Anion Radical. Our above results revealed that the LCCs-Bjorkman preparations investigated in this work mostly contain fractions of lignin and carbohydrate (xylan).…”

“…7,9 The different proportions of carbohydrate and lignin in these LCC preparations result in different physical and chemical properties, including water solubility, molecular weight, and biological activity. 6,13 It is generally accepted that the Bjorkman LCCs is the classical LCCs preparation, serving as a substrate for their chemical and functional properties, valuable linkages analysis, and application. 12 To obtain compositional and structural information on LCCs preparations, various chemistry and spectroscopic methods can be applied.…”

“…Anatomically, the lignin and polysaccharides are interconnected by covalent linkages in the wood and nonwood biomass to form the lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCCs). , With respect to pulping and biorefinery processes deriving from lignocelluloses, these LCCs are regarded as obstacles for the process efficiency of pulp bleaching and selective separation of wood components. , Hence, various technologies such as alkaline hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, and hot water extraction have been applied to isolate or degrade the LCCs in pulp and lignocellulosic materials. ,, However, the LCCs yielded from such operations are actually quite intriguing materials based on their inherent duality structure comprising two disparate biopolymers of lignin and carbohydrate. It is thought that the many unique properties imparted through LCCs could allow them to be renewable precursors for producing biobased materials. − …”

Fruit pomace-lignin as a sustainable biopolymer for biomedical applications

“…Lignin-derived hydrogels have also been mentioned as possible 'vehicles' for human hepatocyte cell cultures. Indeed, it was shown that the porous nature of the hydrogel facilitated the adsorption of the cells to the pores which resulted in increased metabolic activity and cell proliferation (Zhao et al, 2017). Additional studies have also shown that for lignin-based hydrogel systems characterized by the immobilization of lipase, the presence of lignin enhances the activity and stability of the enzymes compared to systems without this biopolymer Park, Kim, Won, et al, 2015).…”

Effect of pH on the formation of benzyl ester bonds between glucuronic acid and dehydrogenation polymer

“…The high mechanical strength and resistance to biodegradation of woody cell walls is thought to stem from the structure of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) in wood (Toikka et al 1998). LCCs from natural plant have important applications in materials and alternative medicine (Zhao et al 2017a(Zhao et al , 2017bSakagami et al 2010). However, the isolation efficiency of LCCs from natural plant is not high, which limits its application.…”