Preparation of Bi-based photocatalysts in the form of powdered particles and thin films: a review

Abstract

A comprehensive survey on preparation methods of powdered or thin-film Bi-based photocatalysts is provided, comparing he diverse approaches and their advantages and limitations in the context of photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical applications.

Recent Progress of the Design and Engineering of Bismuth Oxyhalides for Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation

“…Hydrolysis is also a common method for the preparation of BiOX, which is based on the reaction between a Bi salt (e.g., Bi(NO 3 ) 3 and BiX 3 ) and oxyhalide or water. [48,77,79] The advantage of this method is that BiOX of various sizes can be easily synthesized in a simple reactor. For instance, Wang et al used a hydrolysis method to prepare ultrafine Bi 5 O 7 Br nanotubes with a diameter of 5 nm, [52] which involved two major steps: 1) a bismuth-bromo-oleylamine (Bi-Br-OA) complex was formed by mixing Bi and Br ions in oleylamine and 2) with the gradual and c) BiOI.…”

“…In addition to chemical precipitation and hydrolysis, hydrothermal method is also commonly used to synthesize BiOX photocatalysts, where the crystallinity, morphology, and particle size are controllable at low temperatures. [48,79] A range of hydrothermal reaction parameters, including reaction duration, temperature, surfactant, precursor concentration, and pH, have been known to play a critical role in defining the physical and chemical properties and ultimately the photocatalytic performance of BiOX. For instance, Jiang et al successfully synthesized flake-like BiOBr by hydrothermal treatment of Bi(NO 3 ) 3 •5H 2 O and KBr precursors in acetic acid at 150 C for 18 h, which showed excellent photocatalytic activity toward the degradation for methyl orange.…”

“…reaction can be impacted by a number of experimental parameters, it is tedious to identify optimal reaction conditions. [79] Such BiOX-based catalysts exhibit apparent photocatalytic activity toward nitrogen fixation. [99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114] As depicted in Table 2, in a previous study, Li et al [46] prepared BiOBr nanosheets with abundant OVs on the exposed {001} surface and observed a photocatalytic nitrogen fixation rate of 104.2 μmol h À1 g À1 under visible light photoirradiation.…”

Techniques of Preparation of Thin Films: Catalytic Combustion

“…The desired solid material is deposited on a heated substrate surface by a chemical reaction from vapor. The CVD process permits the formation of coatings with a uniform thickness and low porosity [93]. CVD requires a low pressure, but not high vacuum.…”

Solar‐Driven Fixation of Bismuth Oxyhalides on Reduced Graphene Oxide for Efficient Sunlight‐Responsive Immobilized Photocatalytic Systems

“…Also, the preparation of BiOX‐rGO HJ as homogenous colloidal dispersion is practically favorable to enable its application on solid surfaces by different solution‐based coating methods such as drop‐casting, spin‐coating, or spray‐coating (i.e., fabricating immobilized BiOX‐rGO HJ based photocatalytic reactor). [ 17 ] The immobilized photocatalyst‐based reactor is more practical for large‐scale photocatalytic application compared to a suspended photocatalyst‐based reactor (i.e., slurry‐based reactor) [ 18 ] because i) It consumes less amount of the photocatalyst, ii) it does not require further treatment to recycle the photocatalyst at the end of the process, iii) It yields photocatalyst‐free treated water unlike the yield obtained by the slurry‐based reactor which requires advanced treatment for the total removal of the photocatalyst before using the treated water, and iv) It enables effective delivery of light to the photocatalytic reactor differently from the suspended photocatalyst‐based reactor which suffers from light attenuation through a turbid aqueous solution.…”