Preparation of a Xanthine Sensor Based on the Immobilization of Xanthine Oxidase on a Chitosan Modified Electrode by Cross‐linking

Liu, Yuge; Li, Weiming; Wei, Changbin; Lü, Lingling

doi:10.1002/cjoc.201100477

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Similarly, the amperometric response during interferent and xanthine injections, along with corresponding calculated selectivity coefficients, support that the adaptation to xanthine is also produces selective response (Supplementary Materials, Figure SM-7). The performance of the xanthine sensor is comparable to reports in the literature for other xanthine sensing systems [59,60,61,62,63,64,65] compiled and provided in Supplementary Materials (Table SM-1).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

Adaptable Xerogel-Layered Amperometric Biosensor Platforms on Wire Electrodes for Clinically Relevant Measurements

Hughes

Labban

Conway

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Biosensing strategies that employ readily adaptable materials for different analytes, can be miniaturized into needle electrode form, and function in bodily fluids represent a significant step toward the development of clinically relevant in vitro and in vivo sensors. In this work, a general scheme for 1st generation amperometric biosensors involving layer-by-layer electrode modification with enzyme-doped xerogels, electrochemically-deposited polymer, and polyurethane semi-permeable membranes is shown to achieve these goals. With minor modifications to these materials, sensors representing potential point-of-care medical tools are demonstrated to be sensitive and selective for a number of conditions. The potential for bedside measurements or continuous monitoring of analytes may offer faster and more accurate clinical diagnoses for diseases such as diabetes (glucose), preeclampsia (uric acid), galactosemia (galactose), xanthinuria (xanthine), and sepsis (lactate). For the specific diagnostic application, the sensing schemes have been miniaturized to wire electrodes and/or demonstrated as functional in synthetic urine or blood serum. Signal enhancement through the incorporation of platinum nanoparticle film in the scheme offers additional design control within the sensing scheme. The presented sensing strategy has the potential to be applied to any disease that has a related biomolecule and corresponding oxidase enzyme and represents rare, adaptable, sensing capabilities.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

Adaptable Xerogel-Layered Amperometric Biosensor Platforms on Wire Electrodes for Clinically Relevant Measurements

Hughes

Labban

Conway

et al. 2019

Sensors

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show abstract

“…Because of the significant role of carbon nanomaterials in biological field [25][26][27], which are widely used as electrodes in biosensors [28]. Graphene composite electrodes [29][30][31][32], multiwall carbon nanotube electrodes [33][34][35], and glassy carbon electrodes [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] are used for improving the simultaneous determination of HX, XA, and UA with electrochemical methods. These carbon-based electrodes exhibit high selectivity, excellent sensitivity, good reproducibility, stability, and accuracy in the measurement of HX, XA, and UA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density functional theory study of interaction of graphene with hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid

2016

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Hypoxanthine (HX), xanthine (XA), and uric acid (UA) are important molecules in human beings. However, the physics underlying the interaction between these molecules and carbon nanomaterials is still unclear. In this study, we theoretically anlaysed the interaction of the graphene with HX, XA, and UA via the LDA, Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof, and a second version of van der Waals (vdW)-DF2 exchange-correlation functionals of density functional theory. It was observed that these molecules could be adsorbed on the surface of the graphene steadily. The adsorption energies of these molecules on the graphene for the same site in vdW-DF2 functional show the following ordering: UA > XA > HX, the adsorption distances the following ordering: UA < XA < HX. The mechanism of this stable adsorption was revealed to be π -π and O-π interactions between these molecules and the graphene. Simulated scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) images of HX, XA, and UA on the surface of the graphene layer as application, HX can be distinguished from XA and UA via the STM technique as a result of the interaction between the graphene and these molecules. The findings of this study provide a theoretical reference in the development and design of highly accurate biodevices and biosensors.

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“…Examples of these CV results are provided in Supporting Information (Figures S12–S14) and confirm their electroactivity with the oxidizing potentials in agreement with literature reports [ 52 , 57 ]. Some XAN biosensor studies apply relatively high oxidative potentials (≥+0.5 V) but do not address what species may be contributing to the observed current signal [ 53 , 55 , 59 , 70 ]. This is particularly true in cases where the constant potential applied is +0.7 V and clearly high enough to oxidize the UA being generated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this respect, the development of any electrochemical XAN biosensor must consider both oxygen dependence [ 49 , 50 ] and applied potential dependence [ 18 , 48 , 51 , 52 ] to fully understand the factors generating the observed signal. Some XAN biosensor studies do not address the potential contributions of electroactive species other than XAN even though high positive potentials are being employed during analysis [ 51 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomaterial-Doped Xerogels for Biosensing Measurements of Xanthine in Clinical and Industrial Applications

Dang,

Wemple,

Leopold

2023

Gels

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First-generation amperometric xanthine (XAN) biosensors, assembled via layer-by-layer methodology and featuring xerogels doped with gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs), were the focus of this study and involved both fundamental exploration of the materials as well as demonstrated usage of the biosensor in both clinical (disease diagnosis) and industrial (meat freshness) applications. Voltammetry and amperometry were used to characterize and optimize the functional layers of the biosensor design including a xerogel with and without embedded xanthine oxidase enzyme (XOx) and an outer, semi-permeable blended polyurethane (PU) layer. Specifically, the porosity/hydrophobicity of xerogels formed from silane precursors and different compositions of PU were examined for their impact on the XAN biosensing mechanism. Doping the xerogel layer with different alkanethiol protected Au-NPs was demonstrated as an effective means for enhancing biosensor performance including improved sensitivity, linear range, and response time, as well as stabilizing XAN sensitivity and discrimination against common interferent species (selectivity) over time—all attributes matching or exceeding most other reported XAN sensors. Part of the study focuses on deconvoluting the amperometric signal generated by the biosensor and determining the contribution from all of the possible electroactive species involved in natural purine metabolism (e.g., uric acid, hypoxanthine) as an important part of designing XAN sensors (schemes amenable to miniaturization, portability, or low production cost). Effective XAN sensors remain relevant as potential tools for both early diagnosis of diseases as well as for industrial food monitoring.

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Preparation of a Xanthine Sensor Based on the Immobilization of Xanthine Oxidase on a Chitosan Modified Electrode by Cross‐linking

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Adaptable Xerogel-Layered Amperometric Biosensor Platforms on Wire Electrodes for Clinically Relevant Measurements

Adaptable Xerogel-Layered Amperometric Biosensor Platforms on Wire Electrodes for Clinically Relevant Measurements

Density functional theory study of interaction of graphene with hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid

Nanomaterial-Doped Xerogels for Biosensing Measurements of Xanthine in Clinical and Industrial Applications

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