Preparation of a skin equivalent phantom with interior micron-scale vessel structures for optical imaging experiments

Chen, Chen; Klämpfl, Florian; Knipfer, Christian; Riemann, Max; Kanawade, Rajesh; Stelzle, Florian; Schmidt, Michael

doi:10.1364/boe.5.003140

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…The vast majority of biophotonic phantoms have involved homogeneous regions or layered structures, containing well-characterized chromophores and scatterers and basic geometric inclusions, such as spheres or cylinders. 1,2 Phantoms are typically composed of liquid samples, hydrogels, or polymers such as polydimethylsiloxane and epoxy. These relatively simple and idealized approaches are effective for generating basic information on device operation and performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 Phantoms with submillimeter channel geometry and capability for varying saturation levels have been fabricated using components such as straight, thinwalled glass capillary tubes embedded in silicone, resin, or polyurethane. 1,2 However, phantoms incorporating biomimetic vascular geometries may enable a more thorough understanding of the effect of tissue morphology on oximetry measurement accuracy, as well as other tissue and device parameters (e.g., wavelength) that influence device performance. Furthermore, such phantoms may enable more realistic assessment and comparison of HRI system performance.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Rapid prototyping of biomimetic vascular phantoms for hyperspectral reflectance imaging

et al. 2015

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Abstract. The emerging technique of rapid prototyping with three-dimensional (3-D) printers provides a simple yet revolutionary method for fabricating objects with arbitrary geometry. The use of 3-D printing for generating morphologically biomimetic tissue phantoms based on medical images represents a potentially major advance over existing phantom approaches. Toward the goal of image-defined phantoms, we converted a segmented fundus image of the human retina into a matrix format and edited it to achieve a geometry suitable for printing. Phantoms with vessel-simulating channels were then printed using a photoreactive resin providing biologically relevant turbidity, as determined by spectrophotometry. The morphology of printed vessels was validated by xray microcomputed tomography. Channels were filled with hemoglobin (Hb) solutions undergoing desaturation, and phantoms were imaged with a near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance imaging system. Additionally, a phantom was printed incorporating two disjoint vascular networks at different depths, each filled with Hb solutions at different saturation levels. Light propagation effects noted during these measurements-including the influence of vessel density and depth on Hb concentration and saturation estimates, and the effect of wavelength on vessel visualization depth-were evaluated. Overall, our findings indicated that 3-D-printed biomimetic phantoms hold significant potential as realistic and practical tools for elucidating light-tissue interactions and characterizing biophotonic system performance. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Rapid prototyping of biomimetic vascular phantoms for hyperspectral reflectance imaging

et al. 2015

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“…The preparation of a single layer skin equivalent tissue phantom is reported elsewhere [ 21 ]. Principally, we embed copper wires in the matrix material, and eliminate them by using ferric chloride.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The matrix material allows for a reduced scattering and absorption coefficients of and at the wavelength of 660 nm, which replicate the representatives values from the Caucasian skin [ 22 ]. These optical parameters are not alteratedduring the fabrication procedure [ 21 ]. To simulate the structure of the superficial microvasculature under skin, we embed four separate rows of interior channels with an aimed diameter of 50 μm and at an average depth of about 200 μm to the surface (the finished phantom is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovering the superficial microvascular pattern via diffuse reflection imaging: phantom validation

et al. 2015

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BackgroundDiffuse reflection imaging could potentially be used to recover the superficial microvasculature under cutaneous tissue and the associated blood oxygenation status with a modified imaging resolution. The aim of this work is to deliver a new approach of local off-axis scanning diffuse reflection imaging, with the revisit of the modified Beer–Lambert Law (MBLL).MethodsTo validate this, the system is used to recover the micron-scale subsurface vessel structure interiorly embedded in a skin equivalent tissue phantom. This vessel structure is perfused with oxygenated meta-hemoglobin solution.Results Our preliminary results confirm that the thin vessel structure can be mapped into a 2-D planar image. The distributions of oxygenated hemoglobin concentration () and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration () can be co-registerated through the MBLL upon the CW spectroscopy, the scattering issue is addressed in the reformed MBLL. The recovered pattern matches to the estimation from the simultaneous optical coherence tomography studies. ConclusionsWith further modification, this system may serve as the first prototype to investigate the superficial microvasculature in the expotential skin cancer loci, or a micro-lesion of vascular dermatosis.

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“…5 This phantom is constructed using polyurethane, titanium oxide and india ink. The matrix material allowes for a reduced scattering and absorption coefficients of µ s = 3.1 cm −1 and µ a = 0.13 cm −1 at the wavelength of 660 nm.…”

Section: Skin Equivalent Phantom Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the microvascular and the associated absolute values of oxy-hemoglobin concentration through turbid media via local off-set diffuse optical imaging

et al. 2014

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An imging resolution of micron-scale has not yet been discovered by diffuse optical imaging (DOI), while a superficial response was eliminated. In this work, we report on a new approach of DOI with a local off-set alignment to subvert the common boundary conditions of the modified Beer-Lambert Law (MBLL). It can resolve a superficial target in micron scale under a turbid media. To validate both major breakthroughs, this system was used to recover a subsurface microvascular mimicking structure under an skin equivalent phantom. This microvascular was included with oxy-hemoglobin solution in variant concentrations to distiguish the absolute values of Ct RHb and Ct HbO 2 . Experimental results confirmed the feasibility of recovering the target vascular of 50 µm in diameter, and graded the values of the concentrations of oxy-hemoglobin from 10 g/L to 50 g/L absolutely. Ultimately, this approach could evolve into a non-invasive imaging system to map the microvascular pattern and the associated oximetry under a human skin in-vivo.

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Preparation of a skin equivalent phantom with interior micron-scale vessel structures for optical imaging experiments

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Rapid prototyping of biomimetic vascular phantoms for hyperspectral reflectance imaging

Rapid prototyping of biomimetic vascular phantoms for hyperspectral reflectance imaging

Recovering the superficial microvascular pattern via diffuse reflection imaging: phantom validation

Mapping the microvascular and the associated absolute values of oxy-hemoglobin concentration through turbid media via local off-set diffuse optical imaging

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