Preparation of a Single-Chain Variable Fragment and a Recombinant Antigen-Binding Fragment against the Anti-Malarial Drugs, Artemisinin and Artesunate, and Their Application in an ELISA

Abstract

Two different recombinant antibodies, a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and an antigen-binding fragment (Fab), were prepared against artemisinin (AM) and artesunate (AS) and were developed for use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The recombinant antibodies, which were derived from a single monoclonal antibody against AM and AS (mAb 1C1) prepared by us, were expressed by Escherichia coli cells and their reactivity and specificity were characterized. As a result, to obtain sufficient signal in indirect ELISA, a much greater amount of a first antibody was needed in the use of scFv due to the differences of the secondary antibody and conformational stability. Therefore, we focused on the development of the recombinant Fab antibodies and applied it to indirect competitive ELISA. The specificity of the Fab was similar to that of mAb 1C1 in that it showed specific reactivity toward AM and AS only. The sensitivity of the icELISA (0.16 μg/mL to 40 μg/mL for AM and 8.0 ng/mL to 60 ng/mL for AS) was sufficient for analysis of antimalarial drugs, and its utility for quality control of analysis of Artemisia spp. was validated. The Fab expression and refolding systems provided a good yield of high-quality antibodies. The recombinant antibody against AM and AS provides an essential component of an economically attractive immunoassay and will be useful in other immunochemical applications for the analysis and purification of antimalarial drugs.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitative/qualitative analysis of plant secondary metabolites

“…Thus far, various scFvs against plant secondary metabolites have been constructed and expressed in E. coli to develop icELISA, including plumbagin [ 61 ], G-Re [ 62 ], DZ [ 63 ], wogonin glucuronide [ 64 ], and paclitaxel [ 65 ]. Similarly, Fab-based icELISA has been reported for artemisinin, which is produced from traditional Chinese herbal medicines, e.g., Artemisia annua L. and wogonin glucuronide, for their determination [ 66 , 67 ]. They can be genetically engineered; therefore, fluorescent single-domain antibodies (fluobodies), chimera proteins of a green fluorescent protein (GFP), and an scFv also have been utilized in immunoassays.…”

LC–UV/MS quality analytics of paediatric artemether formulations

“…Current analytical techniques describe derivatisation-based methods [22] , gas chromatography (GC) [23] , thin layer chromatography (TLC) [24] , supercritical fluid chromatography (SCFC) [25] , spectroscopic [26] and immunological techniques [27] , [28] , but it is clear that the main-stream methods are mainly based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled to ultra violet (UV), evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD), electron capture detection (ECD) or electrospray ionisation (ESI)–mass spectrometry (MS) detection [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] . Up till now, the focus was directed to biological matrices like plasma for pharmacokinetic information [33] , [34] , to plant derived samples for production reasons [23] , [35] , [36] or for environmental eco-toxicity studies [37] , [38] .…”

Immunochemical Analysis of the Antimalarial Drugs Artemisinin and Artesunate

“…culture [35]. We herein report the development of a sensitive and reliable immunochemical analysis using the mAb and recombinant antibodies for the measurement of AM and its derivatives.…”