Preparation of a novel mono-component intumescent flame retardant for enhancing the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of epoxy resin

Yan, Long; Xu, Zhisheng; Wu, Xinghua; Deng, Nan; Chu, Zhiyong

doi:10.1007/s10973-018-7810-x

Cited by 50 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The residues of the UPR/MFeCN composites at 500°C and 800°C both increased with more loading of MFeCN increase. It can be concluded that MFeCN can act as a char‐forming agent of its composite …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal‐organic framework MIL‐53 (Fe)@C/graphite carbon nitride hybrids with enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression for unsaturated polyester resin

Chen

Yuan

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Metal-organic framework MIL-53 (Fe)@C/graphite carbon nitride hybrid (MFeCN), a novel flame retardant, was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction and subsequently added into unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). The structure, morphology, and thermal stability of MFeCN were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The thermal stability and flammability of the UPR composites were characterized by TG and cone calorimeter tests (CCT). The results of CCT demonstrated that the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), peak smoke production rate (pSPR), and total smoke production (TSP) of UPR/MFeCN-4 were reduced by 39.8%, 10.2%, 33.3%, and 14.5%, respectively, comparing with UPR. The results of TG and CCT indicated that MFeCN could improve the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression properties of the UPR composites. The residues after CCT were then characterized by laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), XPS, and SEM. Finally, based on the above experimental results and analysis, the flame retardancy mechanism of MFeCN was proposed. KEYWORDS flame retardancy, graphite carbon nitride, metal-organic framework, unsaturated polyester resin

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal‐organic framework MIL‐53 (Fe)@C/graphite carbon nitride hybrids with enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression for unsaturated polyester resin

Chen

Yuan

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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“…During combustion, the acid source and charring agent react with each other to promote carbonaceous char formation. This char acts as a physical shield to restrain dripping and smoke/heat diffusion, thus protecting the substrate . Meanwhile, the gas source will catch oxygen‐containing free radicals and release nonflammable gas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of a Novel Char Source From Petroleum Refining Waste in Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Polyurethane

Wang

et al. 2020

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Carbon 9 (C9) resin is a major by-product of the petrochemical industry and is rich in unsaturated hydrocarbons. By copolymerization with maleic anhydride (MAH), the product MAH-C9 was used as a carbon foaming agent. Combining MAH-C9 with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), which served as an acid and a gas source, an intumescent flame-retardant system was introduced into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Flammability evaluation indicated that 4.5 wt% APP and 0.5 wt% MAH-C9 helped TPU achieve the maximal limiting oxygen index value of 25.9%, passing UL-94 V-0 rating. Total smoke release was decreased from 1,884.4 m 2 /m 2 for neat TPU to 833.0 m 2 /m 2 and char formation was promoted. The mechanical loss brought by 5 wt% APP was a little recovered by 4.5 wt% APP/0.5 wt% MAH

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“…This innovation in construction also required an update on legislation and building safety regulations to ensure personnel and structural safety because steel loses its structural stability after prolonged exposure to temperatures exceeding 500 C (e.g., fire incidents) (Camino et al, 1989;Feng et al, 2016;Gillani et al, 2016;Horacek and Pieh, 2000;Le Bras et al, 1998). To resolve this issue, researchers have developed intumescent coating-fire retardant materials-that protect and maintain the structural integrity of steel infrastructures during fire incidents (Feng et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2006;Xu et al, 2019;Yan et al, 2018). Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of how conventional intumescent coatings are activated via pyrolysis to protect steel substrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved pyrolysis behavior of ammonium polyphosphate-melamine-expandable (APP-MEL-EG) intumescent fire retardant coating system using ceria and dolomite as additives for I-beam steel application

Zoleta

Itao

Resabal

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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This study describes the effects of ceria (CeO 2) and dolomite [CaMg(CO 3) 2 ] additives on the pyrolysis behavior and fire resistive property of conventional intumescent flame retardant (IFR) coating system for I-beam steel substrate called ammonium polyphosphate-melamine-expandable graphite (APP-MEL-EG) system. The fire resistance of various formulations was evaluated using the standard vertical Bunsen burner fire test. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to understand the degradation of coating formulations. Observations by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) demonstrated that significant amounts of additives favored the formation of homogeneous compacted char structures, which were predominantly composed of carbon (C), phosphorus (P) and oxygen (O). These three main components of the char were also found to be in various binding combinations with other lighter elements like nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H) as illustrated by the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy results. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) further suggest that polyethylene([(CH 2-C 2 H 2-CH 2) nÀ ]) free radicals were abundant on the char surface for the two best formulations and the binding energy of this radical promoted the formation of aromatic carbon chains that enhanced the char's thermal stability. This means that the selection of appropriate additives and combinations of flame-retardant ingredients could significantly change the morphology of the char layer and improve its thermal stability during fire exposure.

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Preparation of a novel mono-component intumescent flame retardant for enhancing the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of epoxy resin

Cited by 50 publications

References 40 publications

Metal‐organic framework MIL‐53 (Fe)@C/graphite carbon nitride hybrids with enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression for unsaturated polyester resin

Metal‐organic framework MIL‐53 (Fe)@C/graphite carbon nitride hybrids with enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression for unsaturated polyester resin

The Application of a Novel Char Source From Petroleum Refining Waste in Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Polyurethane

Improved pyrolysis behavior of ammonium polyphosphate-melamine-expandable (APP-MEL-EG) intumescent fire retardant coating system using ceria and dolomite as additives for I-beam steel application

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