Preparation of a novel catalyst UDCaT-5: enhancement in activity of acid-treated zirconia—effect of treatment with chlorosulfonic acid vis-à-vis sulfuric acid

Yadav, Ganapati D.; Murkute, Ambareesh D.

doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2004.02.021

Cited by 130 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…The decrease in acidity of Ti(SO4)O nano-catalyst loss of SO species might affect the esterification of FFA in UCO feedstock. In contrast, some researchers reported that leaching of SO species was not the main cause for the decline in the catalytic activation of different sulfonated catalysts [93,94].…”

Section: Catalytic Performancementioning

confidence: 93%

Synthesis of Ti(SO 4 )O solid acid nano-catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from used cooking oil

Gardy

Hassanpour

Lai

et al. 2016

Applied Catalysis A: General

149

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wt% free fatty acid. Furthermore, the catalytic activity and re-usability of the Ti(SO4)O for the esterification/transesterification of UCO were investigated. XRD results confirmed that the amount of SO species in the solid acid nano-catalyst slowly decreased with re-use after 8 cycles under optimized conditions, which is higher than the reusability of other functionalised titania reported in the literature .Finally, the biodiesel prodcued from this process satisfied the ASTM and European Norm standards.2

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Section: Catalytic Performancementioning

confidence: 93%

Synthesis of Ti(SO 4 )O solid acid nano-catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from used cooking oil

Gardy

Hassanpour

Lai

et al. 2016

Applied Catalysis A: General

149

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“…They were very active in fructose dehydration. 7,17 However, they leached during the reaction in different solvents. Solvent type also affects HMF yield.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 Zirconia is known as a good support for sulfates. 17 It strongly interacts with sulfur ions and creates strong acid sites. Thus, sulfated zirconia is known as a very acidic catalyst for many reactions.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fructose Dehydration to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over Sulfated TiO₂–SiO₂, Ti-SBA-15, ZrO₂, SiO₂, and Activated Carbon Catalysts

Kılıç

2015

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Different sulfated catalysts including SO 4 /TiO 2 −SiO 2 , SO 4 /Ti-SBA-15, SO 4 /ZrO 2 , SO 4 /AC, and SO 4 /SiO 2 were tested in fructose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Reactions were carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 110°C. Characterization results indicated that no sulfur leaching was observed from SO 4 /ZrO 2 , SO 4 /TiO 2 −SiO 2 , and SO 4 /Ti-SBA-15 catalysts in the reaction tests. The SO 4 /TiO 2 −SiO 2 catalyst had a high amount of strong acid sites and the highest amount of Bronsted sites. The highest selectivity to HMF at high conversion, that is, 89% selectivity at 77% fructose conversion was obtained over this catalyst. It preserved its activity after four times reuse. ■ INTRODUCTIONDiminishing fossil fuel reserves and CO 2 emission problems force people to find alternative and sustainable resources to produce valuable chemicals. Production of these chemicals from biomass is an environmentally friendly process compared to a petroleum based process. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the key intermediates in order to convert the biomass to valuable chemicals such as polymers, biofuels, and bulk chemicals. 1 The most effective way of producing HMF is by carbohydrate conversion, especially dehydration of fructose.Fructose dehydration reaction occurs on the acid sites of the catalyst. Acid concentration, type of acid sites, and acid strength of the catalyst affect the product distribution significantly. 2−4 It is reported that fructose conversion to intermediates takes place on the Lewis sites, whereas Bronsted sites are responsible for the HMF formation from these intermediates. 5 Various acid catalysts including homogeneous (ionic liquids, mineral and organic acids) and heterogeneous types have been investigated. Because of the product contamination and recovery problems, heterogeneous catalysts are generally preferred. Wide ranges of heterogeneous catalysts (e.g., resins, metal sulfates, metal phosphates, heteropolyacids, zeolites, niobic acid based catalysts) have been tested. 3,6−15 However, no satisfactory yields have been achieved yet. Some of the catalysts have low stabilities due to leaching and some of them are not selective and promote side product formation such as formic acid and levulinic acid. Therefore, there are still studies pursued to find a stable, active, selective, and cheap heterogeneous catalyst for fructose dehydration to HMF.Sulfur ions and sulfate groups create Bronsted and strong acid sites when loaded on a support, such as iron oxide, alumina, titania, and zirconia. They were very active in fructose dehydration. 7,17 However, they leached during the reaction in different solvents. Solvent type also affects HMF yield. Different types of solvents from environmentally benign alcohols and water to the high-boiling-point polar aprotic solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylamide (DMA)) have been investigated. High yields of HMF have been achieved by using high-boiling-point solvents such as DMSO and DMA. 9 Zirconia is known as ...

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“…Among the number of heterogeneous solid acid catalysts, zirconium oxide doped with sulphate has attracted considerable attention for selective hydrocarbon isomerisation and various other acid-promoted reactions. However, it has a small surface area [2]. The authors [3][3]amongst others specifically reported the preparation method as being pivotal to control the catalytic properties of sulphated zirconia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulphated Zirconia Catalyst Prepared from Solid Sulphates by Non-aqueous Method

Eterigho

Farrow

Ejejigbe³

2017

IJEE

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A B S T R A C TNon-crystallinesulphated zirconia catalysts were synthesised by a non-aqueous and non-conventional method. The effect of varying the molar ratio of sulphating agent to zirconium source was also investigated. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Infra-red Spectroscopy (IR),X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The surface acidity was measured by the Pyridine-DRIFTS (Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy) technique. The structural and textural properties of the sulphated zirconia were studied. The EDX and XPS profiles suggested that both sulphated zirconia catalysts have similar zirconia and sulphate structures; however, both catalysts were amorphous. Deconvolution of their XPS O 1s spectra showed that the samples contained both oxide oxygen of zirconium and sulphate oxygen, which sample I showed a higher amount of sulphate oxygen. Adsorption of pyridine into the samples indicated that the higher amounts of Brönsted acid sites are presented in sample I with lower amount of sulphate during preparation. This opens up the possibility of controlling the degree and type of active sites on a catalyst by the amount of sulphate used for preparation. Sulphated zirconia catalyst with higher activity properties was achieved via a non-aqueous, environmentalfriendly method. The zirconia catalyst has great contribution towards energy production which is used for preparation and transesterification of fatty acids for production of biodiesel.

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Preparation of a novel catalyst UDCaT-5: enhancement in activity of acid-treated zirconia—effect of treatment with chlorosulfonic acid vis-à-vis sulfuric acid

Cited by 130 publications

References 18 publications

Synthesis of Ti(SO 4 )O solid acid nano-catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from used cooking oil

Synthesis of Ti(SO 4 )O solid acid nano-catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from used cooking oil

Fructose Dehydration to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over Sulfated TiO₂–SiO₂, Ti-SBA-15, ZrO₂, SiO₂, and Activated Carbon Catalysts

Sulphated Zirconia Catalyst Prepared from Solid Sulphates by Non-aqueous Method

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Preparation of a novel catalyst UDCaT-5: enhancement in activity of acid-treated zirconia—effect of treatment with chlorosulfonic acid vis-à-vis sulfuric acid

Cited by 130 publications

References 18 publications

Synthesis of Ti(SO 4 )O solid acid nano-catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from used cooking oil

Synthesis of Ti(SO 4 )O solid acid nano-catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from used cooking oil

Fructose Dehydration to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over Sulfated TiO2–SiO2, Ti-SBA-15, ZrO2, SiO2, and Activated Carbon Catalysts

Sulphated Zirconia Catalyst Prepared from Solid Sulphates by Non-aqueous Method

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Fructose Dehydration to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over Sulfated TiO₂–SiO₂, Ti-SBA-15, ZrO₂, SiO₂, and Activated Carbon Catalysts