Preparation, Characterization and Antioxidant Activities of Kelp Phlorotannin Nanoparticles

Abstract

Phlorotannins are a group of major polyphenol secondary metabolites found only in brown algae and are known for their bioactivities and multiple health benefits. However, they can be oxidized due to external factors and their bioavailability is low due to their low water solubility. In this study, the potential of utilizing nanoencapsulation with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to improve various activities of phlorotannins was explored. Phlorotannins encapsulated by PVP nanoparticles (PPNPS) with different loading ratios were prepared for characterization. Then, the PPNPS were evaluated for in vitro controlled release of phlorotannin, toxicity and antioxidant activities at the ratio of phlorotannin to PVP 1:8. The results indicated that the PPNPS showed a slow and sustained kinetic release of phlorotannin in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, they were non-toxic to HaCaT keratinocytes and they could reduce the generation of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, PPNPS have the potential to be a useful platform for the utilization of phlorotannin in both pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.

Topical Artocarpus communis Nanoparticles Improved the Water Solubility and Skin Permeation of Raw A. communis Extract, Improving Its Photoprotective Effect

“…In our study, the FTIR spectra also revealed that ACM was incorporated into HPBCD with PVPK30, and a certain degree of interaction between ACM and carriers, for the stability of amorphous ACM, is important for forming a novel nanoparticle formulation ( Figure 4 ). Similar findings were also found for kelp phlorotannin [ 33 ], indomethacin [ 34 ], and fullerenes [ 35 ]. These changes in physicochemical characteristics could elucidate the mechanism of water-solubility improvement.…”

Extraction and Nano-Sized Delivery Systems for Phlorotannins to Improve Its Bioavailability and Bioactivity

“…Last by not least, phlorotannins are strong natural antioxidants [55][56][57][58][59][60]. Dieckol can suppress UV-B radiation induced photo-oxidative stress in human fibroblast cell line and reduce cell damage [55]; diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) isolated from I. okamurae can scavenge UV-B radiation induced ROS in human fibroblast cells [57]; and dieckol can reduce cell damage induced by UV-B radiation both in vitro (HaCaT cells) [61] and in vivo (zebra fish) [59]. Phlorotannins can also potentially be used as functional ingredients in skin care products to offer protection against photo-induced skin damages.…”

“…Polyphenols' low bioavailability is mainly due to their low absorption in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract following consumption and their extensive biotransformation within the gut, which may lead to their rapid clearance from the body (Figure 1 [62]). To improve the bioavailability of phlorotannins, nano-sized delivery systems have been investigated [26,61,[63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70]. Figure 2 showed a schematic representation of examples of these systems [71].…”

“…Figure 2 showed a schematic representation of examples of these systems [71]. These nano-enabled approaches could protect phlorotannins against transformation in the gut; they can also improve delivery/absorption of phlorotannins [61]. Nano-phlorotannin systems were also shown to enhance the functionality of the phlorotannins.…”

“…Nano-phlorotannin systems were also shown to enhance the functionality of the phlorotannins. For example, gold nanoparticle-phlorotannin and silver nanoparticle-phlorotannin complexes have been investigated by serval researchers [26,61,[63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70]; they were shown by DPPH assays to have elevated antioxidant activity. Nano-enabled improvement on bioavailability and bioactivity may offer a more effective way for the utilization of phlorotannins in pharmaceutical, food, and biochemical industries.…”