“…Shurki and co-workers 35 developed a quantitative method to predict copper coordination number in small thiolato complexes, 36 using ligands resembling the Cys residues found in Atox1. 41 Their calculations on Atox1 as a model protein showed that the most favorable state is two-coordinated. However, in this case, they relied on an Atox1 monomeric NMR structure, and in order to simulate the three-coordinated state they added an external "cysteine-like" ligand.…”
Section: ■ Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Their calculations were performed in both vacuum and aqueous solution but did not take into account the effect of the protein environment. Shurki and co-workers developed a quantitative method to predict copper coordination number in small thiolato complexes, using ligands resembling the Cys residues found in Atox1 . Their calculations on Atox1 as a model protein showed that the most favorable state is two-coordinated.…”
Atox1 is a human
copper metallochaperone that is responsible for
transferring copper ions from the main human copper transporter, hCtr1,
to ATP7A/B in the Golgi apparatus. Atox1 interacts with the Ctr1 C-terminal
domain as a dimer, although it transfers the copper ions to ATP7A/B
in a monomeric form. The copper binding site in the Atox1 dimer involves
Cys12 and Cys15, while Lys60 was also suggested to play a role in
the copper binding. We recently showed that Atox1 can adopt various
conformational states, depending on the interacting protein. In the
current study, we apply EPR experiments together with hybrid quantum
mechanics–molecular mechanics molecular dynamics simulations
using a recently developed semiempirical density functional theory
approach, to better understand the effect of Atox1’s conformational
states on copper coordination. We propose that the flexibility of
Atox1 occurs owing to protonation of one or more of the cysteine residues,
and that Cys15 is an important residue for Atox1 dimerization, while
Cys12 is a critical residue for Cu(I) binding. We also show that Lys60
electrostatically stabilizes the Cu(I)–Atox1 dimer.
“…Shurki and co-workers 35 developed a quantitative method to predict copper coordination number in small thiolato complexes, 36 using ligands resembling the Cys residues found in Atox1. 41 Their calculations on Atox1 as a model protein showed that the most favorable state is two-coordinated. However, in this case, they relied on an Atox1 monomeric NMR structure, and in order to simulate the three-coordinated state they added an external "cysteine-like" ligand.…”
Section: ■ Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Their calculations were performed in both vacuum and aqueous solution but did not take into account the effect of the protein environment. Shurki and co-workers developed a quantitative method to predict copper coordination number in small thiolato complexes, using ligands resembling the Cys residues found in Atox1 . Their calculations on Atox1 as a model protein showed that the most favorable state is two-coordinated.…”
Atox1 is a human
copper metallochaperone that is responsible for
transferring copper ions from the main human copper transporter, hCtr1,
to ATP7A/B in the Golgi apparatus. Atox1 interacts with the Ctr1 C-terminal
domain as a dimer, although it transfers the copper ions to ATP7A/B
in a monomeric form. The copper binding site in the Atox1 dimer involves
Cys12 and Cys15, while Lys60 was also suggested to play a role in
the copper binding. We recently showed that Atox1 can adopt various
conformational states, depending on the interacting protein. In the
current study, we apply EPR experiments together with hybrid quantum
mechanics–molecular mechanics molecular dynamics simulations
using a recently developed semiempirical density functional theory
approach, to better understand the effect of Atox1’s conformational
states on copper coordination. We propose that the flexibility of
Atox1 occurs owing to protonation of one or more of the cysteine residues,
and that Cys15 is an important residue for Atox1 dimerization, while
Cys12 is a critical residue for Cu(I) binding. We also show that Lys60
electrostatically stabilizes the Cu(I)–Atox1 dimer.
“…As a continuation to this study, Cu(I) complexes were synthesized using small aliphatic thiolato ligands as more accurate models to the cysteine amino acid. 44 The ligands employed were iso-propylthiol and tert-butylthiol. Although all attempts to obtain a mononuclear complex from the iso-propylthiolato ligand failed, the tert-butylthiolato ligand gave a mononuclear di-coordinate complex under specific reaction conditions (Fig.…”
Section: Small-molecule Based Modelsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…8 ORTEP structure at 50% probability ellipsoids of a mononuclear Cu(I) anionic di-coordinate complex of the aliphatic ligand tert-butylthiol. 44 Fig. 9 A tri-coordinate model based on thiolato ligands.…”
Transition metal ions can be both beneficial and harmful to biological systems if not carefully regulated. A family of proteins that include a conserved sequence in their binding site of MXCXXC is responsible for delivery and homeostasis of different metals. Model studies present an effective tool for studying the parameters governing metal affinity, selectivity and other mechanistic aspects. Small-molecule, peptide-based, and advanced models will be presented, as well as functional models of potential industrial applications.
“…The mononuclear two coordinate Cu(I) complex as a structural model of the active site of copper metallochaperone proteins was reported [81]. Metal-peptide conjugates containing bis(picolyl)amine were suggested as artificial metallochaperones because they have the potential to deliver metal ions to specific compartments in the cell as determined by the peptide moieties [82].…”
Section: Recent Aspects Of Copper Chaperonesmentioning
Improper allocation of the incorrect metal ion to a metalloprotein can have resounding and often detrimental effects on different aspects of cellular physiology. Enzymes that employ transition metals as co-factors are housed in a wide variety of intracellular locations or are exported to the extracellular milieu. Metallochaperones (much smaller than the cell) are essential for the proper functioning of cells and are a distinct class of proteins which accounts for the incorporation of metal ion cofactors into metalloenzymes / metalloproteins. Metals in the cells are distributed by metallochaperones (intracellular metal ion carriers) and these intracellular metal ion carriers ensure that the correct metal is acquired by a specific metalloenzyme. Metallochaperones act in the intracellular trafficking of metal ions to protect the cell and are a family of soluble metal receptor proteins that bind and protect metal ions/cofactors. The target sites for metal/cofactor delivery include a number of metalloenzymes, or proteins that bind metal ions and use these ions as cofactors to perform essential biochemical reactions such as cellular respiration, DNA synthesis and antioxidant defense. In this review, metallochaperones for various metals such as copper, nickel, zinc, iron, arsenic, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum and vanadium are discussed. In the cell, the specific metal ion is often selected by specific protein-protein interactions between the apoprotein and a metallochaperone and ligand-exchange reactions have been involved in the metal transfer from metallochaperones to cognate apoproteins. The development of chaperone-based medications from medicinal plants has been reported.
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