Preparation and stability of ampouled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon solutions

Vaessen,; Kamp, Ulrich; De, Cao; Jekel,

doi:10.1007/bf01027032

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Other strengths include the use of environmentally relevant concentrations, consideration of a wide range of SVOCs, and the use of real extracts. On the last point, extracts may be affected by co-contaminants, impurities and other factors, and previous studies used known solutions of pure PAHs in solvents (Oda et al 1998; Sverdrup et al 1990; Vaessen et al 1988). In addition, the use of sectioned filters provided replicates with filter-specific controls that helped to eliminate differences between filters, although it has the disadvantages of reducing sample mass and sensitivity, potentially increasing variability, and restricting PM mass measurements.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Composition and Integrity of PAHs, Nitro-PAHs, Hopanes, and Steranes in Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter

Huang

Bohac

Chernyak

et al. 2013

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Diesel exhaust particulate matter contains many semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) of environmental and health significance. This study investigates the composition, emission rates, and integrity of 25 SVOCs, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and diesel biomarkers hopanes and steranes. Diesel engine particulate matter (PM), generated using an engine test bench, three engine conditions, and ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), was collected on borosilicate glass fiber filters. Under high engine load, the PM emission rate was 0.102 g/kWh, and emission rate of ΣPAHs (10 compounds), ΣNPAHs (6 compounds), Σhopanes (2 compounds), and Σsteranes (2 compounds) were 2.52, 0.351, 0.02 ~ 2 and 1μg/kWh, respectively. Storage losses were evaluated for three cases: conditioning filters in clean air at 25 °C and 33% relative humidity (RH) for 24 h; storing filter samples (without extraction) wrapped in aluminum foil at 4 °C for up to one month; and storing filter extracts in glass vials capped with Teflon crimp seals at 4 °C for up to six months. After conditioning filters for 24 h, 30% of the more volatile PAHs were lost, but lower volatility NPAHs, hopanes and steranes showed negligible changes. Storing wrapped filters and extracts at 4 °C for up to one month did not lead to significant losses, but storing extracts for five months led to significant losses of PAHs and NPAHs; hopanes and steranes demonstrated greater integrity. These results suggest that even relatively brief filter conditioning periods, needed for gravimetric measurements of PM mass, and extended storage of filter extracts can lead to underestimates of SVOC concentrations. Thus, SVOC sampling and analysis protocols should utilize stringent criteria and performance checks to identify and limit possible biases occurring during filter and extract processing.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ampouled PAH solutions in acetonitrile and toluene were stable after 1-year storage at both −20 and 20 °C (Vaessen et al 1988). 61 PAHs tested stored in acetonitrile were stable after 4 weeks of storage at 4 °C (Oda et al 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition and Integrity of PAHs, Nitro-PAHs, Hopanes, and Steranes in Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter

Huang

Bohac

Chernyak

et al. 2013

Water Air Soil Pollut

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“…It is interesting to note that MCA-induced fibrosarcomas down-regulate expression of extracellular matrix proteins (36,38,39). PAHs are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, they are very stable (40) and can accumulate in the lung (41)(42)(43)(44). Since human exposure to benzo(a)pyrene has been estimated at 17 ng average daily intake from the air (45), one function of the foreign body reaction could be to protect from (frequent) tissue damage and concomitantly from (rare) malignant transformation by carcinogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Methylcholanthrene-induced Carcinogenesis by an Interferon γ Receptor–dependent Foreign Body Reaction

Qin

Kim

Hemme

et al. 2002

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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The foreign body reaction is one of the oldest host defense mechanisms against tissue damage which involves inflammation, scarring, and encapsulation. The chemical carcinogen methylcholanthrene (MCA) induces fibrosarcoma and tissue damage in parallel at the injection site. Tumor development induced by MCA but not due to p53-deficiency is increased in interferon-γ receptor (IFN-γR)–deficient mice. In the absence of IFN-γR, MCA diffusion and DNA damage of surrounding cells is increased. Locally produced IFN-γ induces the formation of a fibrotic capsule. Encapsulated MCA can persist virtually life-long in mice without inducing tumors. Together, the foreign body reaction against MCA prevents malignant transformation, probably by reducing DNA damage. This mechanism is more efficient in the presence of IFN-γR. Our results indicates that inflammation and scarring, both suspected to contribute to malignancy, prevent cancer in certain situations.

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“…As environmental pollution progresses, the amount of chemical carcinogen chronically inhaled by the exposed human population will also increase. In particular, PAHs (such as methylcholanthrene) are globally distributed environmental pollutants known for their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on humans (42)(43)(44)(45). Fibroblasts are also present in human tissues exposed to carcinogen as, for example, asbestosis, making it important to study if encapsulation of carcinogen can be found in humans, especially in the light of the report from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (Lyon, France) that diesel engine exhaust is definitely carcinogenic to humans (a group 1 carcinogen, which is actually the same category as methylcholanthrene; refs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibroblast-Specific Protein 1/S100A4–Positive Cells Prevent Carcinoma through Collagen Production and Encapsulation of Carcinogens

Zhang¹,

Chen

Liu

et al. 2013

Cancer Research

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Stromal restraints to cancer are critical determinants of disease but they remain incompletely understood. Here, we report a novel mechanism for host surveillance against cancer contributed by fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1) þ / S100A4 þ fibroblasts. Mechanistic studies of fibrosarcoma formation caused by subcutaneous injection of the carcinogen methylcholanthrene (MCA) had suggested that IFN-g receptor signaling may restrict MCA diffusion by inducing expression of collagen (foreign body reaction). We tested the hypothesis that this reaction encapsulated MCA and limited carcinogenesis by determining whether its ability to induce fibrosarcomas was impaired in the absence of proliferating fibroblasts. We found that FSP1 þ /S100A4 þ fibroblasts accumulated around the carcinogen where they produced collagens, encapsulating MCA and protecting epithelial cells from DNA damage. Ablation of these cells at the site of MCA injection by local administration of ganciclovir in FSP-TK transgenic mice altered tumor morphology to an epithelial phenotype, indicating that, in the absence of encapsulating fibroblasts, MCA targeted epithelial cells. Notably, we showed that destruction of the fibrous capsule around the MCA by local injection of collagenase induced rapid tumor development in mice that were otherwise durably tumor free. Our findings demonstrate that the FSP1 þ /S100A4 þ fibroblasts prevent epithelial malignancy and that collagen encapsulation of carcinogens protects against tumor development. Together, this study provides a novel mechanism for host surveillance against cancer. Cancer Res; 73(9); 2770-81. Ó2013 AACR.

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Preparation and stability of ampouled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon solutions

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Composition and Integrity of PAHs, Nitro-PAHs, Hopanes, and Steranes in Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter

Composition and Integrity of PAHs, Nitro-PAHs, Hopanes, and Steranes in Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter

Inhibition of Methylcholanthrene-induced Carcinogenesis by an Interferon γ Receptor–dependent Foreign Body Reaction

Fibroblast-Specific Protein 1/S100A4–Positive Cells Prevent Carcinoma through Collagen Production and Encapsulation of Carcinogens

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