Preparation and Properties of Wood Flour Reinforced Lignin-Epoxy Resin Composite

He, Shanshan; Liu, Tong; Di, Mingwei

doi:10.15376/biores.11.1.2319-2333

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Selected References Fracture of the cellulose-based reinforcement Summerscales et al 2010;Alavi et al 2013;Fonseca-Valero et al 2015;He et al 2016 Debonding between the matrix & reinforcement Alavi et al 2013;He et al 2016;Mu et al 2018;Simao et al 2019 Debonding within agglomerates of cellulosebased reinforcements Ismail & Shafiq 2016;Lewandowska et al 2018;DiLoreto et al 2019 Large increases in strength when using compatibilizing agents George et al 2001;Fu et al 2008;Farsi 2012;Alavi et al 2013;Durmus et al 2019 The quality of bonding between a cellulosic surface and a plastic matrix material tends to be of critical importance. Gaugler et al (2019) recently showed that such bonds can be evaluated quickly and precisely by preparing sandwich-type composites.…”

Section: Type Of Mechanistic Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

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From nanocellulose to wood particles: A review of particle size vs. the properties of plastic composites reinforced with cellulose-based entities

Hubbe¹,

Grigsby²

2020

BioRes

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This review article considers published evidence regarding effects of particle size on mechanical properties of plastic matrix materials filled with cellulose-based reinforcements. Cellulosic or wood-based reinforcements in plastic matrices can contribute to higher modulus, lower density, and less tendency to sag in comparison with the matrix phase by itself, while still allowing the resulting material to be cut or milled. Although cellulosic materials are generally too hydrophilic to adhere well to common thermoplastic materials such as polyethylene, such deficiencies can be overcome by use of compatibilizers, e.g. polyethylene-maleic anhydride. Recently many researchers have evaluated nanocellulose in plastic composites. The higher surface areas of nanocellulose generally imply a higher cost of compatibilizer to achieve good interfacial adhesion. This review first examines results of a large number of studies all involving highdensity polyethylene as the matrix. Then, to get a more detailed mechanistic view, studies are considered that compare different particle sizes of cellulose-based reinforcements within the same conditions of preparation of composites prepared with various matrix polymers. To summarize the findings, there does not appear to be any consistent and dependable advantage of using nano-sized cellulosic reinforcements when trying to achieve higher values of composite strength or modulus.

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Section: Type Of Mechanistic Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effects of particle size were considered by He et al (2016), who studied the reinforcement of an epoxy matrix with poplar wood flour and polyamine. With decreasing size of the wood flour particles, the mechanical properties initially increased but then showed a minor downward trend.…”

Section: Epoxy Resin Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From nanocellulose to wood particles: A review of particle size vs. the properties of plastic composites reinforced with cellulose-based entities

Hubbe¹,

Grigsby²

2020

BioRes

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“…There are important criteria for these feedstock, for example, low density, strength properties, flexibility and cost effectiveness are the main criteria for using wood powder in composite products [120]. The binding agents of wood powder composites are adhesive i.e., UF (urea formaldehyde) [117,[121][122][123][124][125], epoxy-resin [126], PF (phenol formaldehyde) [127,128]; thermoplastic i.e., polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene-terephthalate [108,113,118,120,[129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141]; natural adhesive [142,143] and Portland cement [144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151]. There is no need for binding agents in particleboards from wood powder [152].…”

Section: Raw Materials For Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and characterisation of pine wood powders from a multi-blade shaft mill

Das¹

2023

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae

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Wood is an important raw material for the manufacture of consumer products and in achieving societal goals for greater sustainability. Wood powders are feedstock for many biorefining and conversion techniques, including chemical, enzymatic and thermochemical processes and for composite manufacture, 3D printing and wood pellet production. Size reduction, therefore, is a key operation in wood utilisation and powder characteristics, such as shape, particle size distribution and micromorphology play a role in powder quality and end-use application. While in a green state, the native chemical composition and structure of wood are preserved. Powders are commonly produced from wood chips using impact mills, which require pre-sized, pre-screened and pre-dried chips. These steps necessitate repeated handling, intermediate storage and contribute to dry matter losses, operation-based emissions and the degradation of the wood chemistry. This thesis investigated a new size reduction technology, known as the multi-blade shaft mill (MBSM). The MBSM performance was studied through the milling of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood using a designed series of experiments and through modelling with multi-linear regression (MLR) analyses. Light microscopy combined with histochemical techniques were used to investigate particle micromorphology and distribution of native extractives in powders. The aim was to evaluate the technical performance of the MBSM with relation to operational parameters, to characterise the produced powders and to evaluate the technology through comparison with impact milling. The results showed that the MBSM could effectively mill both green and dry wood. Produced powders showed distinct differences compared to those obtained using a hammer mill (HM). The specific milling energy of the MBSM was lowest for green wood and within the range of other established size reduction technologies. However, much narrower particle size distributions were observed in MBSM powders and they had significantly greater amounts of finer particles. Particles with high aspect ratio and sphericity were a characteristic of MBSM powders and this Production and characterisation of pine wood powders from a multi-blade shaft mill was true for wood milled above and below its fibre saturation point. MBSM powders from green wood showed evidence of higher specific surface area, larger pore volume and greater micropore diameter than those from HM powder. Preliminary microscopic examination suggested that cell walls in MBSM powders showed evidence of retaining their original native wood structure. Consequently, their extractive content appeared intact. This was in contrast to HM powder and it may reflect the differences between the two size reduction mechanisms. According to the produced MLR models, the results suggest that MBSM milling is more akin to a sawing process and opposite to that of impact-based mills.

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“…When all of the eucalyptus fiber was replaced (Sample 4), the strain of the composite was much higher. The short-term creep performance of the ternary composites was improved with a proper amount of lignin, and then declined with excess lignin (Durán et al 2016;He et al 2016;Dörrstein et al 2018).…”

Section: Physical and Mechanical Properties Of The Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance analysis of ternary composites with lignin, eucalyptus fiber, and polyvinyl chloride

Wang

et al. 2018

BioRes

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To investigate the feasibility of replacing eucalyptus fiber with lignin, ternary composites (Lignin/Eucalyptus fiber/Polyvinyl chloride) were prepared by extrusion molding, and the effect of the lignin content on the wood-plastic composites was studied. The microstructure, functional groups, creep behavior, and thermal behavior of the ternary composites were analyzed. The results showed that the tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength decreased with an increasing lignin content, whereas, the water absorption, creep resistance, hardness, and heat resistance of the ternary composites improved.

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Preparation and Properties of Wood Flour Reinforced Lignin-Epoxy Resin Composite

Cited by 9 publications

References 44 publications

From nanocellulose to wood particles: A review of particle size vs. the properties of plastic composites reinforced with cellulose-based entities

From nanocellulose to wood particles: A review of particle size vs. the properties of plastic composites reinforced with cellulose-based entities

Production and characterisation of pine wood powders from a multi-blade shaft mill

Performance analysis of ternary composites with lignin, eucalyptus fiber, and polyvinyl chloride

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