Flake graphite (FG) was treated by microwave radiation in hydrogen peroxide solution and used to support stearic acid (SA) to synthesize SA/FG composites for thermal energy storage. Furthermore, the mechanism of the enhanced performance of SA/FG 3 was further revealed by monitoring functional groups of the surface of FG and demonstrated on the atomic-scale. Infrared imaging showed SA/FG 3 possessed superior thermal-regulated properties. Therefore, all these thermal properties indicate SA/FG 3 has potential for application in thermal energy storage systems.