Preparation and Polymerization of Unsaturated Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. II. Halogenated Allyl Derivatives^1,2

Non‐Ideal Polymerization Kinetics of a Cationic Double Charged Acryl Monomer and Solution Behavior of the Resulting Polyelectrolytes

“…The first quaternary ammonium polymers of technical interest were synthesized from dially dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC). [2] Kinetics and mechanism of the polymerization process were elucidated by several authors. [3] Other commercially important cationic polymers are poly(acrylamino propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) and poly(acryloyl oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride).…”

Grafting ofN,N′-methylenebisacrylamide onto cellulose using Co(III)-acetylacetonate complex in aqueous medium

“…At higher concentrations of the monomer (Ͼ12.0 ϫ 10 Ϫ2 mol dm Ϫ3 ), the solution lost the fluidity due to the formation of the semisolid transparent crosslinked gel, which clearly indicated that at and beyond 12.0 ϫ 10 Ϫ2 mol dm Ϫ3 of N,NЈ-methylenebisacrylamide, the formation of the crosslinked homopolymer is predominant over the propagation of growing chain by intra-intermolecular cyclization mechanism forming a seven-membered ring with simultaneous production of the radical at the terminal carbon atom of the second vinyl group of the added N,NЈ-methylenebisacrylamide. 24 This crosslinked state of the homopolymer significantly checks the diffusion of the monomer molecules 25 to the reactive sites on cellulose macroradicals; thus no further increase in the percent grafting and rate of grafting was observed. At lower concentrations of N,NЈ-methylenebisacrylamide, the propagation of the macroradical takes place through the intra-intermolecular mechanism as prevalent in diene monomers.…”

Participation of propargyl moiety in Butler's cyclopolymerization process

“…IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer 16F PC FTIR spectrometer (spectral resolution, 4 cm K1 ; Number of scans, 19). 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of the polymers were measured in D 2 O using dioxane as internal standard on a JEOL LA 500 MHz spectrometer. Viscosity measurements were made by an Ubbelohde viscometer (having viscometer constant of 0.005718 cSt/s at all temperatures).…”

“…The literature is loaded with examples that describe the formation of linear polymers in excellent yields from diallyl monomers that are even much more crowded than the one under study. 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of the gels are displayed in Fig. 3.…”

“…Half a century ago, Butler's exciting discovery [1] of cyclopolymerization of diallyl quaternary ammonium salts 1 to 2 has had a dramatic impact on commercial production of the cyclopolymers [2] (Scheme 1). Over 33 million pounds of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), the first cyclopolymer, alone are sold annually for water treatment and another 2 million pounds are used for personal care formulation [3].…”