Preparation and optimization of ophiopogon polysaccharide liposome and its activity on Kupffer cells

Activation of macrophages by the ophiopogon polysaccharide liposome from the root tuber of Ophiopogon japonicus

“…Macrophages have been demonstrated to play two main roles, one is the role of antigen presentation, and the other one is the phagocytosis or cytotoxic effects of foreign body remova [22]. Macrophages are the main antigen-presenting cells, which have important functions in both innate and adaptive immune responses [19,22]. Phagocytosis of macrophages is an important factor of maintaining the homeostasis, the foundation of producing specific immune response and a key link of nonspecific immunity [23].…”

“…OPL was prepared by using the reverse-phase evaporation method based on our previous experiment [19]. Briefly, soybean phospholipid and cholesterol were dissolved with chloroform, then PBS contained OP was injected into the solution of chloroform.…”

“…Cell viability was calculated by the following equation. Cell viability (%) = Int d /Int control × 100, Int d : the absorbance in drug group, Int control : the absorbance in cell control group [19].…”

Drug delivery for bioactive polysaccharides to improve their drug-like properties and curative efficacy

“…ROPS (a neutral fructan) was also encapsulated in liposomes (ROPS:soybean phosphatide:cholesterol, 0.84:8:1, mass ratio; entrapment rate, 64.9%; average particle size, 245 nm; zeta potential, À4.56 mV; PDI, 0.326) to improve its antioxidative activity and specific and nonspecific immunoregulatory activities (Fan et al, 2014 (Bao et al, 2002) Liposome (in vitro; SC): improved immunoregulatory activities and adjuvanticity (Liu et al, 2015(Liu et al, , 2016a Radix Ophiopogonis PS A graminan-type fructan (a Fruf (2 ! 1) backbone with a Fruf (2 !…”

“…6) Fruf (2 ! branch per average 2.8 of main chain residues); MW, 4.8 kDa (PDI, 1.41) ) IV: t 1/2 , $0.5 h; MRT, 0.65 h. Oral BA: 1.7% (rats) (Lin et al, 2010b) Liposome (in vitro; SC or IM): improved immunoregulatory activities and adjuvanticity (Fan et al, 2014(Fan et al, , 2015a(Fan et al, , 2016aSun et al, 2016a) PEG-coated liposome (IV): 45-fold prolonged t 1/2 ; improved targeting delivery Mono-PEGylation (IV): 32-to 100-fold prolonged t 1/2 ; improved targeting delivery, therapeutic effect, and administration compliance (Lin et al, 2011a,b;Sun et al, 2013) ISFS (SC): day(s)-to week(s)-long sustained delivery; improved administration compliance (Shi et al, 2015b;Wang et al, 2017) ISFS þ MonoPEGylatin (SC): week(s)-to month(s)-long sustained delivery; improved administration compliance (Shi et al, 2014) Astragalus PS A (1 ! 4)-linked dextran backbone with a (1 !…”