“…The critical quenching concentration of Eu 3+ ions is about 50% in the BZBO host, higher than in other borate hosts like Ba 3 ScB 3 O 9 (5%), NaBa 12 B 7 O 11 F 4 (14%), and CsBaB 3 O 6 (1.2%). 44,57,58 The high quenching concentration may be the result of cation vacancies caused by heterovalent ion substitution in the unique layered structure host. With the increase of Eu 3+ ion concentration, the distance between adjacent Eu 3+ ions decreases, the non-radiative transition between luminescent centers increases, and hence leads to a concentration quenching phenomenon.…”