“…However, enzymes exhibit a rather slow rate of heterogeneous electron-transfer at conventional electrodes, because of the deep burying of the electroactive prosthetic groups, the unfavorable orientations of enzymes at electrodes [3]. Therefore, the studies are focusing on selecting ideal electrode materials, such as carbon nanotubes [4], iron oxide nanoparticles [5][6][7] and biomaterials [8][9][10] to enhance the direct electrontransfer between the enzymes and underlying electrodes.…”