Preparation and HPLC applications of rigid macroporous organic polymer monoliths

Abstract

Rigid porous polymer monoliths are a new class of materials that emerged in the early 1990s. These monolithic materials are typically prepared using a simple molding process carried out within the confines of a closed mold. For example, polymerization of a mixture comprising monomers, free-radical initiator, and porogenic solvent affords macroporous materials with large through-pores that enable applications in a rapid flow-through mode. The versatility of the preparation technique is demonstrated by its use with hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionizable, and zwitterionic monomers. Several system variables can be used to control the porous properties of the monolith over a broad range and to mediate the hydrodynamic properties of the monolithic devices. A variety of methods such as direct copolymerization of functional monomers, chemical modification of reactive groups, and grafting of pore surface with selected polymer chains is available for the control of surface chemistry. Since all the mobile phase must flow through the monolith, the convection considerably accelerates mass transport within the molded material, and the monolithic devices perform well, even at very high flow rates. The applications of polymeric monolithic materials are demonstrated mostly on the separations in the HPLC mode, although CEC, gas chromatography, enzyme immobilization, molecular recognition, advanced detection systems, and microfluidic devices are also mentioned.

A large-scale protein phosphorylation analysis reveals novel phosphorylation motifs and phosphoregulatory networks in Arabidopsis

“…Particularly in the case of capillary LC-MS/MS, online MudPIT has proven to be one of the best solutions for analysis of low abundant biological samples and usually <1 mg of starting protein materials is sufficient [20,23]. In addition, by equipping online MudPIT with novel monolithic columns that have prominent feature of permeability, peak separation capacity in peptides fractionation can be further improved [23][24][25].…”

Protein Analysis Using a Combination of an Online Monolithic Trypsin Immobilized Enzyme Reactor and Collisionally-Activated Dissociation/Electron Transfer Dissociation Dual Tandem Mass Spectrometry

“…54,55 Fréchet and colleagues introduced macroporous monolithic polymeric materials based on poly-(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) in which trypsins were immobilized. 56 This organic polymer-based bioreactor showed a variety of useful properties such as high flow-permeability, good biocompatibility, high enzyme stability, excellent pH stability, and fast mass transfer characteristics.…”

Evaluation of photografted charged sites within polymer monoliths in capillary columns using contactless conductivity detection

“…Grafted groups can be anion exchange, cation exchange, or protein immobilised via grafted reactive functional monomers such as vinyl azlactone [4]. The benefits of photografting are numerous and have been discussed in a recent comprehensive review by Svec [5].…”