The polysaccharide chitosan (CS) is known to be an excellent material for drug preparation. CS is a plentiful natural biopolymer and is non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable.1-3) These properties are important for materials that are implanted in the body, because such materials must avoid the host's defense system during their long-term contact with living structures. CS has been investigated as a unique vehicle for the sustained delivery of drugs, 4,5) in particular, the preparation of CS microspheres has been studied. [5][6][7] We investigated the preparation of a suitable vehicle, such as microspheres, for intra-articular injection in rheumatoid arthritis to allow sustained drug delivery. Lu et al. 8) reported that CS could act on the epiphyseal cartilage and augment wound healing of articular cartilage. Therefore, it might be useful in healing wounds in articular cartilage after fulfilling a role as a vehicle for drug delivery. In a previous study, CS was found to form gel spheres at around pH 9 in amino acid solution, despite usually forming a gel in solutions with a pH Ͼ12.9) This is thought to be due to coacervation. Preparations made at a lower pH are preferable due to their effect on the solubility or stability of the drug contained in the gel beads and on the tissue into which they are injected. Furthermore, the release of drug from CS gel beads could be controlled by the formation of a complex between chondroitin sulfate and CS.10) Intra-articular injection of steroids is used commonly in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Under such conditions, it is difficult to achieve a sustained intra-articular drug level on the basis of drug solubility. During in vivo degradation, drug release is governed by both diffusion and biodegradation of the matrix. It is necessary to clarify the relationship between in vivo biodegradability and drug release profiles of CS gel beads under different conditions (enzymes, dissolution medium, stirring strength, etc.), and those in vitro. In this study, this relationship was investigated by implanting novel CS gel beads into subcutaneous air pouches (AP) prepared on the dorsal surface of mice.
MATERIALS AND METHODSMaterials CS with varying degrees of deacetylation (70% (7B), 80% (8B), 90% (9B), 100% (10B)) was purchased from Katokichi Co., Ltd., Japan. Prednisolone (PS) and sodium alginate (300 cps) (Alg) were purchased from Nacalai Tesque Inc., Japan. The other reagents were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries and Nacalai Tesque Inc., Japan.Preparation of CS Gel Beads CS gel beads were prepared as follows: CS (1% w/w) was dissolved in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.5) and 1% PS was then added to the CS solution. One gram of this suspension, theoretically containing 10 mg of PS, was dropped slowly into 20 ml of 10% glycine solution (pH 9.0) using a pipette and left at room temperature for 25 min. Hydrogel beads were formed spontaneously. Dried gel beads were obtained by drying the hydrogel beads at 37°C for 24 h in a dish, before holding them under vacuum in a d...