Preparation and characterization of transparent PMMA–cellulose-based nanocomposites

Kiziltas, Esra Erbas; Kızıltaş, Alper; Bollin, Shannon C.; Gardner, Douglas J.

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.029

Cited by 113 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Comparisons based on the effect of CNC content showed that the results were within the error of the T g measurement. It was previously suggested that CNCs could increase T g via grafting and the formation of a more reinforced polymer causing the immobilization of polymer chains …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization of 2‐Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate/n‐Butyl Acrylate/Methyl Methacrylate/Cellulose Nanocrystal Nanocomposites for Adhesive Applications

Ouzas

Niinivaara

Cranston

et al. 2018

Macro Reaction Engineering

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are safe, “green,” hydrophilic nanoparticles. CNCs are added in situ during a semibatch 2‐ethyl hexyl acrylate (EHA)/n‐butyl acrylate (BA)/methyl methacrylate (MMA) emulsion polymerization. As EHA is a more hydrophobic monomer, manipulation of the monomer feed composition allows for the evaluation of the effect of hydrophobicity on CNC distribution in the nanocomposite and ultimately on adhesive properties. The adhesive properties (loop tack, peel strength, and shear strength) of three different EHA/BA/MMA latex formulations are shown to simultaneously improve with increasing CNC loading. However, the hydrophobicity of the EHA leads to a nonuniform distribution of CNCs in the latex films. Comparison of the in situ polymerized nanocomposites to their blended counterparts is also made.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization of 2‐Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate/n‐Butyl Acrylate/Methyl Methacrylate/Cellulose Nanocrystal Nanocomposites for Adhesive Applications

Ouzas

Niinivaara

Cranston

et al. 2018

Macro Reaction Engineering

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“…In 2010, Liu et al were the first to report PMMA/CNC composites by sonicating up to 0.1 g/g (10 wt %) CNCs and PMMA in DMF and preparing films by solvent casting. Since then, Sain and colleagues prepared similar nanocomposites using in situ suspension polymerization of PMMA in the presence of CNCs and ex situ dispersion techniques, followed by solvent casting (from chloroform). Generally, they report a weak interface between CNCs and PMMA but a small increase in T g of the composites and improved mechanical properties at high temperatures, similar to Kiziltas et al whose solvent cast composites from acetone .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, Sain and colleagues prepared similar nanocomposites using in situ suspension polymerization of PMMA in the presence of CNCs and ex situ dispersion techniques, followed by solvent casting (from chloroform). Generally, they report a weak interface between CNCs and PMMA but a small increase in T g of the composites and improved mechanical properties at high temperatures, similar to Kiziltas et al whose solvent cast composites from acetone . When CNCs were grafted with maleic anhydride to improve interfacial compatibility, or MMA was pre‐mixed with CNCs and heated, no significant improvement in composite properties was observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐grafted cellulose nanocrystals: One‐step synthesis, nanocomposite preparation, and characterization

et al. 2016

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are ideal reinforcing agents for polymer nanocomposites because they are lightweight and nano‐sized with a large aspect ratio and high elastic modulus. To overcome the poor compatibility of hydrophilic CNCs in non‐polar composite matrices, we grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) from the surface of CNCs using an aqueous, one‐pot, free radical polymerization method with ceric ammonium nitrate as the initiator. The hybrid nanoparticles were characterized by CP/MAS NMR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy. Spectroscopy demonstrates that 0.11 g/g (11 wt %) PMMA is grafted from the CNC surface, giving PMMA‐g‐CNCs, which are similar in size and crystallinity to unmodified CNCs but have an onset of thermal degradation 45 °C lower. Nanocomposites were prepared by compounding unmodified CNCs and PMMA‐g‐CNCs (0.0025–0.02 g/g (0.25–2 wt %) loading) with PMMA using melt mixing and wet ball milling. CNCs improved the performance of melt‐mixed nanocomposites at 0.02 g/g (2 wt %) loading compared to the PMMA control, while lower loadings of CNCs and all loadings of PMMA‐g‐CNCs did not. The difference in Young's modulus between unmodified CNC and polymer‐grafted CNC composites was generally insignificant. Overall, ball‐milled composites had inferior mechanical and rheological properties compared to melt‐mixed composites. Scanning electron microscopy showed aggregation in the samples with CNCs, but more pronounced aggregation with PMMA‐g‐CNCs. Despite improving interfacial compatibility between the nanoparticles and the matrix, the effect of PMMA‐g‐CNC aggregation and decreased thermal stability dominated the composite performance.

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“…The nanocellulose in those products made it possible to maintain a stable mesoporous structure, and the films showed promise for use in air filtration. Non-aqueous media When the matrix phase to be reinforced by nanocellulose is too hydrophobic to dissolve in water, non-aqueous solvents have been employed in the preparation of such films and coatings (Grunert and Winter 2002;Petersson and Oksman 2006; SanchezGarcia et al 2008; Ayuk et al 2009;Petersson et al 2009;Hossain et al 2011;Fortunati et al 2012b;Hassan et al 2012;Salmieri et al 2014b;Song et al 2014;Fortunati et al 2015;Kiziltas et al 2015;Urbina et al 2016). By employing a solvent with a sufficiently low boiling point, the film preparation can be carried out with good distribution of the reinforcement, suitably low viscosity to allow easy spreading of the film, ready evaporation REVIEW ARTICLE bioresources.com .…”

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confidence: 99%

Nanocellulose in Thin Films, Coatings, and Plies for Packaging Applications: A Review

Hubbe

Ferrer

Tyagi

et al. 2017

BioRes

244

234

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This review article was prompted by a remarkable growth in the number of scientific publications dealing with the use of nanocellulose (especially nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and bacterial cellulose (BC)) to enhance the barrier properties and other performance attributes of new generations of packaging products. Recent research has confirmed and extended what is known about oxygen barrier and water vapor transmission performance, strength properties, and the susceptibility of nanocellulose-based films and coatings to the presence of humidity or moisture. Recent research also points to various promising strategies to prepare ecologically-friendly packaging materials, taking advantage of nanocellulose-based layers, to compete in an arena that has long been dominated by synthetic plastics. Some promising approaches entail usage of multiple layers of different materials or additives such as waxes, high-aspect ratio nano-clays, and surface-active compounds in addition to the nanocellulose material.While various high-end applications may be achieved by chemical derivatization or grafting of the nanocellulose, the current trends in research suggest that high-volume implementation will likely incorporate water-based formulations, which may include water-based dispersions or emulsions, depending on the enduses. Resources; North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; b: Nalco Champion, an Ecolab Company, 7705 Highway 90-A, Sugar Land, TX 77478, USA; c: School of Clothing and Textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; d: Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, PO Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; * Corresponding author: hubbe@ncsu Table B -Barrier properties of NFC films 2144 2145 2145 2149 2151 2152 2153 2155 2155 2157 2157 2158 2158 2159 2159 2166 2170 2172 2173 2174 2175 2177 2179 2208 2208 2228 REVIEW ARTICLE bioresources.com . "Nanocellulose in packaging," BioResources 12(1), 2143-2233. 2144 Keywords: Barrier properties; Water vapor transmission; Food shelf life; Oxygen transmission; Packages; Cellulose nanomaterials Contact information: a: Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural INTRODUCTIONThere has been explosive growth in the publication of peer-reviewed articles that combine key words related to "packaging" and "cellulose," in combination with the terms "nanocellulose," "nanocrystal*," or "nanofibril*". As of November 2016, a search of this combination of terms showed about as many publications since the start of 2015, compared to all preceding years combined. Given such an acceleration of research around the world, it makes sense to ask whether this high amount of research effort has yet borne significant fruit. In light of this question, the emphasis of this review article is on research publications that shed light on known challenges to the successful implementation of nanocellulose products to enhance the performance of packaging.In principle, a nano...

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Preparation and characterization of transparent PMMA–cellulose-based nanocomposites

Cited by 113 publications

References 48 publications

In Situ Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization of 2‐Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate/n‐Butyl Acrylate/Methyl Methacrylate/Cellulose Nanocrystal Nanocomposites for Adhesive Applications

In Situ Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization of 2‐Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate/n‐Butyl Acrylate/Methyl Methacrylate/Cellulose Nanocrystal Nanocomposites for Adhesive Applications

Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐grafted cellulose nanocrystals: One‐step synthesis, nanocomposite preparation, and characterization

Nanocellulose in Thin Films, Coatings, and Plies for Packaging Applications: A Review

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