Preparation and characterization of the ribbon-like cellulose nanocrystals by the cellulase enzymolysis of cotton pulp fibers

Nanocellulose Production: Exploring the Enzymatic Route and Residues of Pulp and Paper Industry

“…Similarly, under a low enzyme dosage (10 U/mL) the CNCs presented a rod-like morphology with a length decreasing from 800–900 nm for a 6 h hydrolysis, to 500–600 nm for 18 h hydrolysis. Similar observations were made by Chen et al [ 64 ], who analyzed the CNCs produced under a range of operational times and enzyme dosages. For 5 h hydrolysis, the utilization of an enzyme dosage in the range of 10–50 μ/mL resulted exclusively in ribbon-like CNCs, with their dimensions decreasing with the amount of enzyme; an increase of the enzyme levels to 100–300 μ/mL led to the emergence of a granular form, becoming the exclusive morphology for the highest enzyme concentration.…”

“…On the other hand, CNCs are generally rigid needle- or rod-like nanoparticles obtained from crystalline parts of cellulose fibers [ 9 , 127 ]. Spherical CNCs have been reported in some works [ 48 , 64 , 76 , 86 , 128 , 129 ], and seem to be related to the higher severity of the process, such as high enzyme load.…”

“…In addition, by increasing the severity of the hydrolysis (increasing the hydrolysis time or enzyme load), it is possible to depolymerize the crystalline cellulose, decreasing the length of the particles, and their aspect ratio, and eventually resulting in spherical particles [ 138 ]. Tong et al [ 48 ] and Chen et al [ 64 ] reported the production of spherical CNCs by increasing the enzyme load. De Aguiar et al [ 11 ] studied the production of CNCs from sugarcane bagasse and straw and verified an increase in the CI of CNCs obtained after 24 h of enzymatic hydrolysis, indicating that enzymes acted on the removal of amorphous regions of cellulose.…”

Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystal extracted from ramie fibers by sulfuric acid hydrolysis

“…CNCs can be isolated from various agro-industrial wastes. In the literature, CNCs have been prepared from many different resources such as wheat straw [7], sisal [8], pineapple leaves [9], coconut husk fibers [10], banana [11], sugarcane bagasse [12], bamboo [13], mengkuang leaves [14], rice straw [15], cotton linter [16], kenaf bast [17], corn husk [18], Acacia mangium [19], oil palm fronds [20], doum leaves [21], cassava bagasse [22], sugar palm fibers [23], apple pomace [3], cotton pulp [24] and date palm [25]. Ramie fiber is a potential source of cellulose to produce CNC due to its high cellulose (72.68%), hemicellulose (13.70%), and very low contents of lignin (0.38%) [26].…”

Fabrication and Specific Functionalisation of Carbon Fibers for Advanced Flexible Biosensors

“…Rayon is a manufactured fiber made up of cellulose extracted mainly from plants (cotton wool and pulp) (Chen X. et al, 2019 ). Cellulose is a promising raw material for CFs.…”