Preparation and characterization of swelling porous carbon beads

Kamegawa, Katsumi; Yoshida, Hisayoshi

doi:10.1016/s0008-6223(97)00008-0

Cited by 48 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Indeed, in the past two decades many different types of spherical carbons have been reported, both hollow and solid, and these include carbon onions [3,4], carbon microspheres (CMSs) [5][6][7][8][9], carbon beads [10][11][12] and carbon pearls [13]. The type of spherical particle produced is dependent on the method of preparation, carbon source and the reaction conditions used [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. These spherical materials have many potential applications, such as use as absorbents [14,15], as catalyst supports [16] or as anodes for use in lithium ion batteries [9,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled syntheses of carbon spheres in a swirled floating catalytic chemical vapour deposition vertical reactor

Mhlanga

Coville

Iyuke

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Nanoscience

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Onion-like graphite structures, also called carbon spheres (CSs), represent another new allotropic nanophase of carbon materials, which can be potentially used as single electron devices, magnetic refrigerators, nanodiodes, nanotransistors, nanoball bearings, insulator lubricants as well catalyst supports. In this study, carbon nanospheres were synthesised in a vertical swirled floating catalytic chemical vapour deposition reactor for the first time. This process allows for continuous and large scale production of these materials. The CSs were obtained by the pyrolysis of acetylene in an inert atmosphere. The effect of pyrolysis temperatures and the flow rate of argon carrier gas on the size, quality and quantity of the synthesised CSs were investigated. Transmission electron microscope analysis of the carbon material revealed graphitic spheres with a smooth surface and a uniform diameter that could be controlled by varying reaction conditions (size: 50-250 nm). The materials were spongy with very low density. The CS production rate was found to increase with the increase in pyrolysis temperature (900-1000 C) and with flow rates of the carbon source (70-370 mL min À1 ) and carrier gas (70-480 mL min À1 ). Thermogravimetric analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen analysis of the samples revealed that the products mainly contained CSs (98% carbon) and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the degree of graphitisation increased with the increase in pyrolysis temperature (900-1000 C).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled syntheses of carbon spheres in a swirled floating catalytic chemical vapour deposition vertical reactor

Mhlanga

Coville

Iyuke

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Nanoscience

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“…In 1997 Kamegawa and Yoshida [4] prepared swelling carbon beads using silica gel as template. Kyotani and coworkers [5,6] reported the preparation of ordered microporous carbons in zeolite nanochannels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A template method to control the shape and porosity of carbon materials

Shi

Feng

et al. 2004

Carbon

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“…A variety of carbon nanoparticles have been synthesized, [10][11][12][13][14][15] motivated almost entirely by non-biological applications. An exception is Rudge et al, [16] who developed iron-carbon composite microparticles (0.5-5 lm) for targeted chemotherapy delivered through intra-arterial injection.…”

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confidence: 99%

Biocompatible, Hydrophilic, Supramolecular Carbon Nanoparticles for Cell Delivery

Yan¹,

Lau²,

Weissman³

et al. 2006

Advanced Materials

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Carbon nanomaterials have received recent attention as biomolecular carriers, [1][2][3][4][5] capable of transporting covalently bonded drugs or molecular probes across cell membranes.The poor cellular penetration of many small molecules and proteins can be overcome by conjugation to a nanomaterial carrier, whose size, shape, and surface chemistry can be engineered for optimal cellular uptake. The seminal work cited above [1,2] focused on carbon nanotubes but we believe that spherical carbon nanoparticles may be a superior platform. Their simple geometry and freedom from entanglement ensures a consistent effective size for cell uptake and a uniform surface chemistry. Indeed, particle size and shape are key variables determining the rates and mechanisms of cellular uptake. Endocytotic uptake has recently been proposed to occur at an optimum diameter of about 50 nm with significantly lower rates for both larger and smaller particles.[6] Larger particles are typically taken up by phagocytosis, a separate cellular mechanism driven by the actin myosin cortex in professional phagocytic cells such as macrophages and amoeba. [6] In targeted therapies, uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system can be minimized by using hydrophilic nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm, [7,8] allowing the carriers to reach the target tissue. We see great potential to develop carbon-based biomolecular carrier platforms in which nanoparticle size and surface chemistry are tuned to i) preferentially target nonphagocytic cells, and ii) control biodistribution and cellular uptake to localize nanoparticle conjugates at diseased sites.[8]Carbon nanoparticles are potentially biocompatible, nonimmunogenic [9] and offer a range of options for carrying active agents, which include surface adsorption or deposition, pore filling, incorporation in the carbon matrix, and surface covalent coupling. A variety of carbon nanoparticles have been synthesized, [10][11][12][13][14][15] motivated almost entirely by non-biological applications. An exception is Rudge et al., [16] who developed iron-carbon composite microparticles (0.5-5 lm) for targeted chemotherapy delivered through intra-arterial injection. Carbon nanoparticles are readily available in the form of carbon blacks, commodity materials with primary particle sizes ranging from 12 to 100 nm. The primary nanoparticles in carbon blacks are linked into fused fractal aggregates, however, which exhibit much larger and uncontrolled effective particle sizes. In addition, carbon-black particles have concentric (onionlike) graphene layer symmetry, and, in common with most other high-temperature nanocarbon forms, have hydrophobic, low-polarity, low-reactivity surfaces that present challenges for dispersion and functionalization.We are specifically interested in developing carbon nanoparticles as platforms for delivery to mesothelial cells. For this application the materials development should focus on the following goals: i) explicit control of particle composition and size across the endocytic/phagocytic size rang...

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Preparation and characterization of swelling porous carbon beads

Cited by 48 publications

References 25 publications

Controlled syntheses of carbon spheres in a swirled floating catalytic chemical vapour deposition vertical reactor

Controlled syntheses of carbon spheres in a swirled floating catalytic chemical vapour deposition vertical reactor

A template method to control the shape and porosity of carbon materials

Biocompatible, Hydrophilic, Supramolecular Carbon Nanoparticles for Cell Delivery

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