Preparation and Characterization of Pendimethalin Microcapsules Based on Microfluidic Technology

Abstract

Microencapsulation of pesticides is a promising attempt to reduce environmental pollution and prevent the active ingredients from the interference of external factors. In this paper, pendimethalin microcapsules were prepared by the interfacial polymerization of 4,4-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and ethylenediamine (EDA) based on microfluidic technology. Effects of the microchannel structure, reaction temperature, surfactant type, and fluid flow rates were investigated and evaluated. The results showed that pendimethalin microcapsules prepared under suitable conditions had a smooth surface, good monodispersity, a high encapsulation efficiency (96.7%), and excellent thermal stability. The size and morphology control of microcapsules were realized by adjusting the flow rates of the continuous phase and the hydrophilic monomer EDA aqueous solution. The release of pendimethalin had a sustained release characteristic that was closely related to the morphology of microcapsules. Compared with the pendimethalin emulsifiable concentrate, pendimethalin microcapsules exhibited outstanding herbicidal activity in the weed control experiments. Therefore, pendimethalin microcapsules with tunable properties were successfully obtained from the microfluidic device and showed great potential in agricultural applications.

The effects of Lactobacillus reuteri microcapsules on radiation-induced brain injury by regulating the gut microenvironment

“…The preparation technology had a great influence on the microcapsule formation. 37 The parameters affecting the morphology of the microcapsules, i.e., the emulsifier, 38 the concentration of SA solution, 39 the stirring speed, 40 and the emulsification time 41 were varied to optimize the size and morphology of the microcapsules. The stability of olive oil emulsion with Tween 80 as the emulsifier was good in terms of its appearance.…”

Microfluidic Crystallization for Screening of Spherical Particles of Pyraclostrobin

“…Liu et al developed a novel crystallization device and investigated the effects of variable parameters on crystal size and crystal size distribution (CSD) of dolutegravir sodium . Furthermore, microfluidics has been reported to hold great potential for the production of monodisperse spherical particles and pesticide microcapsules. − Despite the numerous advantages of microfluidic crystallization, research on microfluidics for oiling-out crystallization is still limited and remains an underexplored area.…”

Photoresponsive Vesicles of Pendimethalin, γ-Cyclodextrin, and an Azobenzene for Controlled Release of a Pesticide

“…9−11 Consequently, there is an urgent necessity to update the formulation of pendimethalin to achieve long-term weed control. 12,13 The development of pendimethalin formulations with lower toxicity and reduced environmental risk represents a relatively safe and environmentally friendly alternative. Over three decades, supramolecular chemistry has been experiencing a rising trend, with increasing research emphasis on host−guest chemistry within this field.…”

“…Pendimethalin is commonly utilized for weed control in crops such as corn, soybeans, and cotton. , However, excessive use of pendimethalin has been associated with the development of herbicide resistance in weeds, leading to a decline in its efficacy over time . Improper application of pendimethalin can result in residual presence in the soil, negatively impacting the subsequent growth of crops in the same area and causing adverse environmental effects. − Consequently, there is an urgent necessity to update the formulation of pendimethalin to achieve long-term weed control. , The development of pendimethalin formulations with lower toxicity and reduced environmental risk represents a relatively safe and environmentally friendly alternative.…”