Preparation and characterization of off-congruent lithium niobate crystals

Bordui, P. F.; Norwood, R. G.; Jundt, D. H.; Fejer, M. M.

doi:10.1063/1.351308

Cited by 237 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Single crystals commonly produced by the Czochralski method [50] show the congruent composition of about 48.6 mol% Li 2 O. However, using the vapor transport equilibration method the synthesis of near stoichiometric crystals is also possible [51]. Composition changes of Li 2 O within the solid solution range from the lithium-poor to the near stoichiometric composition result in significant changes of physical properties [52,53].…”

Section: Lithium Niobatementioning

confidence: 99%

Slow Lithium Transport in Metal Oxides on the Nanoscale

Uhlendorf

Ruprecht

Witt

et al. 2017

Zeitschrift Für Physikalische Chemie

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This article reports on Li self-diffusion in lithium containing metal oxide compounds. Case studies on LiNbO 3 , Li 3 NbO 4 , LiTaO 3 , LiAlO 2 , and LiGaO 2 are presented. The focus is on slow diffusion processes on the nanometer scale investigated by macroscopic tracer methods (secondary ion mass spectrometry, neutron reflectometry) and microscopic methods (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, conductivity spectroscopy) in comparison. Special focus is on the influence of structural disorder on diffusion.

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Section: Lithium Niobatementioning

confidence: 99%

Slow Lithium Transport in Metal Oxides on the Nanoscale

Uhlendorf

Ruprecht

Witt

et al. 2017

Zeitschrift Für Physikalische Chemie

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“…% and the composition calibration, in the absence of a "zero-parameter" like R, was only based on less precise Curie-temperature measurements. 51 Fig . 8(b) shows, however, that the slope of the curves changes with time passed after crystal growth.…”

Section: Oh 2 Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…33 The real crystal composition of the samples was determined using accurate birefringence and second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements based on careful comparisons with Curie temperature calibrations. 51 The next step was to produce a calibration curve connecting crystal compositions to results of simple absorption measurements in the near UV spectral range. The position of the band edge was defined as the wavelength where the absorption coefficient a equalled 20 cm…”

Section: Ultraviolet Absorption Edgementioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, defect structure, and THz application of stoichiometric lithium niobate

Lengyel

Péter

Kovács

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Reviews

105

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Owing to the extraordinary richness of its physical properties, congruent lithium niobate has attracted multidecade-long interest both for fundamental science and applications. The combination of ferro-, pyro-, and piezoelectric properties with large electro-optic, acousto-optic, and photoelastic coefficients as well as the strong photorefractive and photovoltaic effects offers a great potential for applications in modern optics. To provide powerful optical components in high energy laser applications, tailoring of key material parameters, especially stoichiometry, is required. This paper reviews the state of the art of growing large stoichiometric LiNbO 3 (sLN) crystals, in particular, the defect engineering of pure and doped sLN with emphasis on optical damage resistant (ODR) dopants (e.g., Mg, Zn, In, Sc, Hf, Zr, Sn). The discussion is focused on crystals grown by the high temperature top seeded solution growth (HTTSSG) technique using alkali oxide fluxing agents. Based on high-temperature phase equilibria studies of the Li 2 O-Nb 2 O 5 -X 2 O ternary systems (X ¼ Na, K, Rb, Cs), the impact of alkali homologue additives on the stoichiometry of the lithium niobate phase will be analyzed, together with a summary of the ultraviolet, infrared, and far-infrared absorption spectroscopic methods developed to characterize the composition of the crystals. It will be shown that using HTTSSG from K 2 O containing flux, crystals closest to the stoichiometric composition can be grown characterized by a UV-edge position of at about 302 nm and a single narrow hydroxyl band in the IR with a linewidth of less than 3 cm À1 at 300 K. The threshold concentrations for ODR dopants depend on crystal stoichiometry and the valence of the dopants; Raman spectra, hydroxyl vibration spectra, and Z-scan measurements prove to be useful to distinguish crystals below and above the photorefractive threshold. Crystals just above the threshold are preferred for most nonlinear optical applications apart holography and have the additional advantage to minimize the absorption even in the far-infrared (THz) range. The review also provides a discussion on the progress made in the characterization of non-stoichiometry related intrinsic and extrinsic defect structures in doped LN crystals, with emphasis on ODR-ion-doped and/or closely stoichiometric systems, based on both spectroscopic measurements and theoretical modelling, including the results of first principles quantum mechanical calculations on hydroxyl defects. It will also be shown that new perspective applications, e.g., the generation of high energy THz pulses with energies on the tens-of-mJ scale, are feasible with ODR-doped sLN crystals if optimal conditions, including the contact grating technique, are applied. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

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“…33 VTE-LT possesses almost ideal composition with low concentration of the bulk nonstoichiometry defects achieved by long-time annealing at the temperature above 1000 C in the Li-rich atmosphere. 37 It is necessary to point out that the domain walls in all crystals of LN and LT family can be visualized in the bulk using RCM. 38,39 The combination of all required properties leads us to choose VTE-LT as the model material for investigation of the experimental verification of the proposed fatigue model.…”

Section: Model Of the Fatigue Process Caused By Growth Of The Fromentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue effect in ferroelectric crystals: Growth of the frozen domains

Shur

Ахматханов

Батурин

2012

Journal of Applied Physics

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The model of the fatigue effect during cyclic switching caused by growth of the frozen domain area with charged domain walls has been proposed. It was claimed on the basis of the previous experimental results that for switching in increasing field the frozen domain area started to grow at the given sub-threshold field value and stopped at the threshold field. The influence of the shape and frequency of the field pulses used for cyclic switching has been considered. The uniaxial ferroelectric stoichiometric lithium tantalate single crystals produced by vapor transport equilibration with record low value of coercive field have been chosen as a model material for experimental verification of the model. The formation of the charged domain walls as a result of cyclic switching has been revealed by analysis of the domain images obtained by optical and Raman confocal microscopy. It has been shown that the fatigue degree is equal to the fraction of the frozen domain area. The experimental dependence of the switched charge on the cycle number has been successfully fitted by modified Kolmogorov-Avrami formula. The experimentally observed frequency independence of fatigue profile for rectangular pulses and frequency dependence for triangular pulses has been explained by proposed model.

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Preparation and characterization of off-congruent lithium niobate crystals

Cited by 237 publications

References 14 publications

Slow Lithium Transport in Metal Oxides on the Nanoscale

Slow Lithium Transport in Metal Oxides on the Nanoscale

Growth, defect structure, and THz application of stoichiometric lithium niobate

Fatigue effect in ferroelectric crystals: Growth of the frozen domains

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