Preparation and Characterization of Nonwoven Fibrous Biocomposites for Footwear Components

Abstract

Chromium-tanned leathers used in the manufacture of footwear and leather goods pose an environmental problem because they contain harmful chemicals and are very difficult to recycle. A solution to this problem can be composite materials from tree leaves, fruit residues and other fibrous agricultural products, which can replace chromium-tanned leather. The present study describes the preparation of biocomposite leather-like materials from microbial cellulose and maple leave fibers as bio-fillers. The formulation was optimized by design of experiment and the prepared biocomposites characterized by tensile test, FTIR, DMA, SEM, adhesion test, volume porosity, water absorptivity, surface wettability and shape stability. From the viewpoint of future use in the footwear industry, results obtained showed that the optimized material was considerably flexible with tensile strength of 2.13 ± 0.29 MPa, elastic modulus of 76.93 ± 1.63 MPa and porosity of 1570 ± 146 mL/min. In addition, the material depicted good shape stability and surface adhesive properties. The results indicate that a suitable treatment of biomass offers a way to prepare exploitable nonwoven fibrous composites for the footwear industry without further burdening the environment.

Kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose from diverse wastes: a prudent leather alternative

“…Glycerol, maple plant leaves pulp (MLP), epoxidized sunflower oil, polyvinyl alcohol fiber, and KBC were mixed using a micro ball mill (Lab Wizz 320, Laarmann Group, Netherlands) for 1 min at room temperature. According to some previous studies, the blending of PCL with other biodegradable polymers like polylactic acid and PVA (Akos et al 2013;Bartnikowski et al 2019;Ngwabebhoh et al 2020;Saba et al 2017) generates good surface adhesion between the bio-filler particulates and the polymer matrix. In addition, components such as glycerol and epoxy vegetable oils (Peng et al 2020;Wang et al 2020;Yin et al 2021;Yu et al 2020) have proven to significantly enhanced structural flexibility, mechanical stability and to a lesser extend hydrophobicity of composite materials.…”

Development of novel biocomposites based on the clean production of microbial cellulose from dairy waste (sour whey)

“…The peaks at 3100–3500 (NH and OH stretching vibration), 2800–2950 (CH asymmetric stratching in methyl, methylene, and methoxy groups), 1620 (OH bending in cellulose as well as CN and NH stretching from PU), 1529 (amide II, NH bending), 1195 (COC symmetric stretching), 1080 (CN, CC, and CO stretching) and 828 cm −1 (SiOSi bending from DCDMS treated cellulose) were observed in the different prepared materials. The C═O bending band at 1720–1780 cm −1 appeared with significant intensity relating to the presence of PU and PLA, which was observable for all prepared samples 20,31,49,61,62 …”

“…In addition, the increase in the concentration of treated KBC with DCDMS resulted in an increase in elongation at break values of the obtained biocomposites (S4 > S3 > S2). This phenomenon was due to the ability of cellulose to form good bonding interactions, whereby, increasing the amount of KBC, increases the surface interactions, leading to an increase in the stress transfer efficiency of the interface, and thus, mechanical durability is enhanced 61 . However, the dominance in the mechanical strength of S0 (control sample) in the mechanical strength also showed the importance of PU for the structural stability of prepared blend biocomposites 64 .…”

Kualitas Pelayanan, Pengalaman, Kepuasan, dan Perilaku Keluhan Terhadap Loyalitas Pelanggan

“…Reliabilitas dievaluasi melalui penggunaan pengukuran cronbach's alpha. Semakin mendekati 1, nilai cronbach's alpha menandakan tingkat reliabilitas yang lebih tinggi (Hair et al, 2014). Bedasarkan hasil olah data pre-test didapatkan hasil bahwa pertanyaan pada variabel kualitas pelayanan, pengalaman pelanggan, kepuasan pelanggan, perilaku keluhan pelanggan, dan loyalitas pelanggan dinyatakan valid.…”