“…MgB 2 superconducting materials have a lot of attractive properties such as high critical current density, low cost, simple chemical composition and crystal structure, light density (2.55 g/cm 3 ), low anisotropy, and high upper critical field in terms of technological and industrial applications [13,14]. However, production of a single MgB 2 phase is difficult by virtue of complexity of the reaction and the formation of different phases such as MgB 4 , MgB 6 , MgB 7 , MgB 12 , and MgO [15][16][17][18][19][20]. A single MgB 2 phase formation depends on size and purity of constituents, heat-treatment parameters and operational steps.…”