Preparation and characterization of chitosan derivatives and their application as flame retardants in thermoplastic polyurethane

Liu, Xiaodong; Gu, Xiaoyu; Sun, Jun

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.011

Cited by 133 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The traditional halogen flame retardants have been phased out because they could produce toxic gases at high temperatures . In recent years, intumescent flame retardant (IFR) has been regarded as one of the most promising environmental‐friendly retardant owing to its excellent properties including low toxicity, low cost, and good effect of fire resistant . However, IFR requires high loadings to achieve a good fire resistant, which usually influence the mechanical properties of materials .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, studies on the CS using in flame resistant of TPU have also been reported. Liu et al prepared different CS derivatives by reacting with benzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and hydroxybenzaldehyde, respectively . The CS derivative associated with APP has a good flame retardant effect on TPU.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[11][12][13] In recent years, intumescent flame retardant (IFR) has been regarded as one of the most promising environmentalfriendly retardant owing to its excellent properties including low toxicity, low cost, and good effect of fire resistant. 14 However, IFR requires high loadings to achieve a good fire resistant, which usually influence the mechanical properties of materials. 15 Based on the above point, low pollution and high-efficiency flame retardant should be found or developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flame retardancy and thermal decomposition behavior of TPU/chitosan composites

Jiao

Chen

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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The application of chitosan (CS) in new materials is a hot research topic. In this paper, CS was used alone as flame retardant to prepare thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) composites. Then, the flame retardancy and thermal decomposition behavior of TPU/CS composites were intensively investigated using cone calorimeter test (CCT), scanning electron microscope (SEM), microscale combustion colorimeter (MCC) test, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG‐IR), and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The results showed that CS can reduce the fire risk of TPU; 2.0‐wt% CS could make the peak value of heat release rate (pHRR) decreased to 457.2 kW/m2, reduced by 65.9% compared with TPU. And the peak value of smoke production rate (pSPR) and total smoke release (TSR) of the same sample was decreased by 79.4% and 54.2%, respectively. The TG‐IR and GC‐MS results confirmed that CS could promote TPU decomposition in advance, reacting with the decomposition products of TPU. Therefore, the production of combustible gas was reduced. The GC‐MS results showed that the production of isocyanates and ethers was reduced with the addition of CS. The digital photographs of SEM for the samples after CCT were shown that the char residue layer of the sample containing 2.0‐wt% CS was fibrous in shape. It could be speculated that the thermal decomposition products from TPU could react with CS at low temperature, which reduced the production of flammable gases. So CS had a good prospect in reducing the fire hazard for TPU.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flame retardancy and thermal decomposition behavior of TPU/chitosan composites

Jiao

Chen

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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“…As we know that, the biomass-based flame retardant is a new type of environmentally friendly flame-retardant material that is processed from the by-products or waste materials. Most of these biomass-based flame-retardant structures, such as chitosan, [4,5] lignin, [6,7] cyclodextrin [8,9] contain a huge amount of oxygen-containing functional groups and Guangya Liu and Huili Shi contributed equally to this work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Zhang et al prepared thermoplastic polyurethane composites using 6.25 wt% of chitosan derivatives (CSD) along with 18.75 wt% of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) where they achieved a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test and a 75.4% reduction in the peak heat release rate (pHRR). [4] This outstanding flame retardancy is mainly attributed to the good charring ability of CSD, which can form a dense carbon layer and can act as a protective barrier in the presence of APP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of novel biomass humate flame retardants and their flame retardancy in epoxy resin

Liu

Shi

Kundu

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Humic acid (HA), a biomass material with plentiful oxygen‐containing functional groups, showed huge potential to be considered as a promising charring agent in flame retardancy. In this study, this HA was modified with four different metal ions like Fe2+, Mn2+, Al3+, and Cu2+ and finally, introduced into the epoxy resin (EP) to enhance the flame retardancy of the EP and the dispersion of these flame retardants into the EP matrix. When 10 wt% of HA‐Fe and HA‐Mn were incorporated into EP matrix, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was increased from 21.2% for EP to 26.6 and 25.3% for the EP composites and the peak heat release rate (pHRR) was reduced by 36 and 35.5%, respectively. Such a significant improvement in flame retardancy was attributed to the catalytic charring of HA in the presence of metal ions, which ultimately increased the residual char formation and produced compact char layers during the combustion process to retard the transfer of heat and combustible gases between the EP composites and the flame zone. Finally, this kind of application provided a feasible way for the development of an environmentally friendly flame retardant with high efficiency, which improved the fire safety of EP matrix.

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Enhanced thermal stability and flame resistance of polyurethane‐imide foams by adding silicon carbide

Tian

Yao

et al. 2017

Adv Polym Technol

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Polyurethane-imide (PUI) foams containing both polyimide and polyurethane segments combined the advantage of fine mechanical properties as well as high thermal stability of the two polymers. To further improve the thermal stability and flame resistance of PUI foams, a series of PUI composite foams with different content of SiC (silicon carbide) as fillers were prepared. The cell structure, mechanical properties, flame resistance, and thermal properties of resulting PUI/SiC composite foams were characterized in detail. The experimental results showed that the cell size distribution became uneven, the apparent density was increased, and the compressive strength decreased with the increase in silicon carbide content. Meanwhile, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) showed an increase from 24.7% to 28.1% with increasing of SiC content from 0% to 9.6%. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of SiC could significantly enhance the thermal stability and flame retardancy of PUI foams. K E Y W O R D Sflame retardant, polyurethane-imide foam, silicon carbide, thermal properties

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Preparation and characterization of chitosan derivatives and their application as flame retardants in thermoplastic polyurethane

Cited by 133 publications

References 34 publications

Flame retardancy and thermal decomposition behavior of TPU/chitosan composites

Flame retardancy and thermal decomposition behavior of TPU/chitosan composites

Preparation of novel biomass humate flame retardants and their flame retardancy in epoxy resin

Enhanced thermal stability and flame resistance of polyurethane‐imide foams by adding silicon carbide

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