Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose and Nanocellulose From Pomelo (Citrus grandis) Albedo

Abstract

Pomelo (Citrus grandis) peel is one of the under-utilized waste materials that have potential in the production of functional ingredients, due to its high fiber content. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize cellulose and nanocellulose from pomelo albedo. Cellulose was prepared via alkali treatment followed by bleaching process, while nanocellulose was produced via hydrolysis using sulfuric acid. The physicochemical and structural properties of the produced materials were characterized using proximate analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and cellulose crystallinity index (CrI) by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and water holding capacity (WHC). Proximate analysis showed that pomelo albedo contains 72.62% carbohydrate, 16.13% moisture, 6.27% protein, 3.41% ash and 1.56% fat. FTIR spectra for cellulose and nanocellulose confirms absorption bands characteristic of pure celluloses at 3334, 2902, 1630, 1427, 1030 and 896 cm-1. The crystallinity index (CrI) of the isolated nanocellulose was found considerably higher than that of cellulose with the value of 60.27% and 57.47%, respectively. Water holding capacity (WHC) of nanocellulose was also higher (p<0.05) than cellulose with the value of 12.75 g water/g and 8.9 g water/g respectively. We conclude that pomelo albedo can be a principal source of natural cellulose and nanocellulose materials which can be further manipulated for food ingredient applications.

EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CELLULOSE FROM JACKFRUIT (Artocarpus integer) PEEL

“…Crystallinity index for both celluloses is found to be 100%. Similar studies were observed from cellulose of pomelo albedo peel by Zain et al (2014). The enlarged crystallinity of each celluloses were additionally expected to justify their stiffness, rigidity and strength (Alemdar & Sain 2008;Azubuike & Okhamafe 2012).…”

“…This amounts to 77.77% yield, considering that the cellulose content of the peel was determined to be 27g / 100 g of dry matter. The cellulose content and yield from jackfruit peel is found to be higher than other peels including albedo peel (21.29±1.90 %, Zain et al, 2014), orange (24. 06% Bicu & Mustata, 2013) and rambutan (24.28%, Oliveira et al, 2016).…”

“…The spectra present the characteristic bands which will be found on IR (ii) Jackfruit Cellulose (JC) Figure 2c: Micro-structural characteristics of cellulose (i) and (ii) and commercial cellulose) are complex; this is often a results of various vibration modes in carbohydrates and lignin (Bodirlau et al, 2008;Sanchez et al, 2014). The peak at 1637.56cm -1 of jackfruit cellulose and 1633.71cm -1 of commercial cellulose, which indicates the presence of O-H bending in the absorbed water (Zain et al, 2014) respectively. It is determined that the absorption most of water peak is slightly shifted to higher oftenness as wet will increase (Velazquez et al, 2003).…”

“…In recent years, the interest in cellulose based materials has been increasing due to the demand for renewable resources and growing environmental awareness (Mohanty et al, 2005). Agro-wastes that have been explored for cellulose include materials such as coconut husk fibres, mulberry bark, wheat, straw, (Johar et al, 2012), pea hull, corn bran, dried beet pulp, oat hull (Vail, 1991), orange peel (Arslan et al, 2007); banana plant wastes (Elanthikkal et al, 2010); banana peel (Singanusong et al, 2014), durian rind (Penjumras et al, 2014); pomelo (Citrus grandis) albedo peel (Zain et al, 2014); tomato peel (Jiang & Hseih, 2015); Platycodon Grandiflorum peel (Zhou et al, 2015); rambutan peel (Oliveira et al, 2016), brewer's spent grain (Mishra et al, 2017). Though a range of natural fibers are investigated intimately, the utilization of jackfruit (Artocarpus integer) peel as a natural supply for the assembly of cellulose has not been explored nevertheless.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanoparticles and Its Derivatives using a Combination of Spectro-Analytical Techniques

“…Crystallinity index is the ratio of the diffraction from a crystalline region to the total diffraction of sample Nor et al (2014). The value of crystallinity index (CI) was calculated using empirical Segal equation (Pereira, Herman, Maria, Daniella, Sandra and Maria 2011; Saxena 2013; Lani et al 2014).…”