Preparation and Characterization of C₁₀–C₁₄Alkyl Cellulose Ester Sulfate Surfactant

Abstract

The aim of this work is to synthesize surfactants based on cellulose with different molecular weights. Raw cotton cellulose was tailored into cellulose segments with different molecular weights by a hydrothermal process, then the average degree of polymerization (DP) was determined by viscosimetry and the molecular weight distribution was estimated by gel permeation chromatography. The C10–C14 alkyl cellulose ester sulfate surfactants were prepared by hydrophilic sulfonation and hydrophobic esterification. The surface tension of the surfactants solution was obtained by the Wilhelmy plate method. Results showed that the cellulose segments presented a broader distribution compared with the raw material. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) value decreased from 1.08 to 0.86 wt% as the hydrophobic chain length was increased from 10 to 14. The CMC values of cellulose surfactants with C14‐acyl chloride hydrophobization decreased from 1.32 to 0.86 wt% as the DP was decreased from 2,700 to 296.

Preparation and Characterization of Polymeric Surfactants Based on Epoxidized Soybean Oil Grafted Hydroxyethyl Cellulose

“…In addition, the previous studies reported that the surface tension of fatty acid-esterified cellulose derivatives ranged between 46 and 65 mN/m. 17,18 Different efficiency of these fatty acid-modified cellulose polymeric surfactants in lowering surface tensions of water was attributed to the status of fatty acid in polymeric surfactants. In our study, hydroxyl groups of HEC acted as initiators for ring-opening polymerization of ESO.…”

“…The HEC-based copolymer was prepared via ultraviolet irradiation by copolymerizing HEC with hexadecyl acrylate and comonomer styrene (St) in aqueous solution . The C10–C14 alkyl cellulose ester sulfate surfactants were prepared by hydrophilic sulfonation and hydrophobic esterification . Further attempts to substitute the environmentally dangerous petrochemical products as well as schemes to increase the hydrophobicity of cellulose derivatives with fatty acids to synthesize cellulose-based surfactants have been investigated. , Grafting fatty acid chains to cellulose increases the hydrophobicity of the ester derivatives even at a low degree of esterification.…”

Application of Nano-TiO2 in Cosmetics

“…[32] Sun protection mechanism of nano-TiO 2 Nano-TiO 2 protects the skin by reflecting and scattering UV irradiation. [37,38] The surface effect of nano-TiO 2 can cause surface atoms of nanoparticles to deform, changes in electron spin conformation and electron spectroscopy, and new photochemical properties. The quantum size effect of nano powders results in ''blue-shift phenomenon'' at the absorption of a certain wavelength light and ''broadening phenomenon'' at the absorption of various wavelengths light, and a significant enhancement of the absorption effect of UV light.…”

Percutaneous Penetration and Dermal Exposure Risk Assessment of UV Absorbents in Sunscreens and Isolation Cosmetics

“…1 They are often used in conjunction with benzophenones to enhance the weathering resistance of various products. 2 The addition of BUV to cosmetic formulations, especially those with sun-protective properties, is favored due to its optimal absorption spectral range (300−385 nm), 3 its remarkable chemical stability, and its compatibility with a wide range of cosmetic preparations. 4 However, it is essential to acknowledge that UV absorbents can potentially induce skin irritation and sensitivity.…”

“…They are often used in conjunction with benzophenones to enhance the weathering resistance of various products . The addition of BUV to cosmetic formulations, especially those with sun-protective properties, is favored due to its optimal absorption spectral range (300–385 nm), its remarkable chemical stability, and its compatibility with a wide range of cosmetic preparations . However, it is essential to acknowledge that UV absorbents can potentially induce skin irritation and sensitivity. , Moreover, research suggests that certain organic UV filters can penetrate beyond the epidermal layer into the dermis, ultimately entering systemic circulation and raising concerns over potential adverse reactions, including inflammation, reproductive toxicity, and liver damage. − For instance, 2-(3,5-di- tert -amyl-2-hydroxy-phenyl)benzotriazole, also known as UV-328, has garnered significant public attention and was added to Annex A during the 11th Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention held in Geneva, Switzerland on May 1, 2023…”