Preparation and characterization of biodegradable nano hydroxyapatite–bacterial cellulose composites with well-defined honeycomb pore arrays for bone tissue engineering applications

Polysaccharide-Based Systems for Targeted Stem Cell Differentiation and Bone Regeneration

“…Porous BC-sheets are prepared by laser perforation followed by NaIO4-oxidation to improve the biodegradability of BC and subsequent HA deposition using an alternate soaking process. Besides a well-defined structure consisting of trapezoid-shaped pores of 300 µm in diameter with a honeycomb arrangement in a nanofibrous BC-network ( Figure 5), the described materials showed sufficient biocompatibility for human bone marrow-derived stem cells [128].…”

“…As one of the most abundant polysaccharides, cellulose may be derived from either plants or bacteria and is investigated together with its derivatives like carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as matrix material due to its inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability [126]. Combinations with different CaPs like HA [127][128][129][130], CDHA [131], CPC [132], and BCP [133][134][135] are recently evaluated for bone tissue regeneration.…”

Nanocellulose reinforced as green agent in polymer matrix composites applications

“…The mechanical performance of NC‐reinforced polymer composites may also be affected by changes to the particle's shape. This effect is especially pronounced with larger or nonspherically shaped NC, whereby a preferred orientation could altogether modify the deformation behavior . Therefore, in most studies, crystal structure of NC resulted in better reinforcement compared to fiber‐shaped ones by ignoring the anisotropy associated with nonspherical in NCC particles within the polymeric matrix.…”

“…This effect is especially pronounced with larger or nonspherically shaped NC, whereby a preferred orientation could altogether modify the deformation behavior. 7 Therefore, in most studies, crystal structure of NC resulted in better reinforcement compared to fiber-shaped ones by ignoring the anisotropy associated with nonspherical in NCC particles within the polymeric matrix. In other studies, the particle size distribution of NC could also affect the maximum packaging fraction.…”

“…Materials categorized as green polymeric composites are environmentally friendly, fully degradable, and sustainable in every way. The development of green polymeric composites would also circumvent the disposal limitation of plastic polymer composites, as two different components in plastic polymer composites complicate reuse and recycling to such an extent that direct disposal in a dump or incineration is preferred. However, this approach is cost ineffective, is technically complex, and negatively affects the environment.…”