Preparation and characterization of bioceramic composites based on anorthite and β-TCP from dolomitic phosphate and kaolin rocks

Calcium Orthophosphate–Clay Composites—Preparation, Characterisation, and Applications: A Review

“…CaPCCs for tissue engineering applications can be used in two ways. In a smaller number of cases, they are used as CaP-clay-bicomponent composites [24,25,30,36,69,70]. The mechanical properties of CaP-clay bicomponent composites predestine them for load-bearing applications, such as implants for orthopaedic [69] or dental [71] applications.…”

“…The most commonly used clays for these applications include MMT [24,68,71-75, 78-81,85-89,91], HNT [36,70,76,77,84,90], and, rarely, kaolins [25] and LAP [29]. Wang et al [69] investigated and compared the effect of the addition of HNT, LAP, and SEP on the self-setting time of magnesium phosphate bone cements (MPCs).…”

“…Composite with SEP embody the highest compressive strength (33.45 ± 2.87 MPa, which increased by 116% compared to pure MPCs. Economical approaches include the use of natural rocks based on anorthite and β-TCP from dolomitic phosphate and kaolin rocks [25] or the use of bioapatite isolated from fish bones [87,88]. Chozhanathmisra et al [36] prepared cerium (Ce) substituted HA for electrodeposition of HNT/Ce-HA composite layer on Ti alloy substrate as a bioactive coating with improved antibacterial activity and anti-corrosion stability in SBF.…”

“…The particles in the sintered material diffuse across the particle boundaries, fusing the particles together to form a solid piece. CaPs and clay minerals are sintered at relatively high temperatures of 900-1400 • C [24,25] and pressures in the tens to hundreds of MPa. In some cases, a mixture of clay minerals is used and a ball mill is used for homogenisation [26].…”

Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4) Containing Composites for Biomedical Applications: Formulations, Properties, and Applications

“…Some formulations can possess important electrical properties [1066]. More complex biocomposites, such as HA/Al 2 O 3 /carbon nanotubes [1067], PMMA/HA/ZnFe 2 O 4 /ZnO [530], cellulose acetate/HA/bioglass/ZrO 2 [1068], and anorthite/β-TCP/CaMgP 2 O 7 [1069] formulations, have also been developed. The ability of biocomposites to form a stable interface with bone is lower than that of CaPO 4 bioceramics alone because many inorganic materials are either not bioresorbable, not bioinert, or significantly less bioactive than CaPO 4 .…”