Preparation and characterization of a rechargeable battery based on poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and aluminum in ionic liquids

Schoetz, Theresa; Ueda, Mikito; Bund, Andreas; León, Carlos Ponce de

doi:10.1007/s10008-017-3658-4

Cited by 26 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…24 In non-aqueous electrolytes the passive oxide layer found on the aluminum electrodes, is not formed 1,15,17 while the electrochemical stability window enables the deposition of aluminum and the realization of higher cell voltages. 21 In contrast to high temperature molten salts, ionic liquids are liquid at room temperature.…”

Section: Future Needs and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 These hybrid battery-capacitors combine the oxidation/reduction faradaic process of the conductive polymer and the non-faradaic behavior of doping/de-doping anions into the polymer. The non-faradaic charges stored depends on the thickness and porosity of the conductive polymer and is therefore and important parameter of the material.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…15 There are few studies of conductive polymers coupled with aluminum, as the positive and negative electrodes respectively, in the ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMImCl-AlCl 3 )…”

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confidence: 99%

“…It is also reported that the conductive polymer is affected by swelling due to the size of the anions of the chloroaluminate ionic liquid. 14,15,38,40 The swollen polymer films could offer higher porosity and ability to accommodate bulky anions. Moreover, three-dimensional conductive polymer electrodes with a high surface area are suggested to create more space as well as higher number of doping positions and accommodate more doping anions, which will increase the capacity and the specific power of the battery system.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, three-dimensional conductive polymer electrodes with a high surface area are suggested to create more space as well as higher number of doping positions and accommodate more doping anions, which will increase the capacity and the specific power of the battery system. 15 …”

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Perspective—State of the Art of Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries in Non-Aqueous Systems

Schoetz

León

Ueda

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The main challenges to implement sustainable energy storage technologies are the utilization of earth-abundant recyclable materials, low costs, safe cell reactions and high performance, all in a single system. Aluminum batteries seem to cover these requirements. However, their practical performance is still not comparable with the state of the art high performance batteries. A key aspect to further development could be the combination of aluminum with charge storage materials like conductive polymers in non-aqueous electrolytes taking advantage of the properties of each material. This review presents the approaches and perspectives for rechargeable aluminum-based batteries as sustainable high-performance energy storage devices. The storage of electricity is a key component in the drive to a sustainable energy society. However, current energy storage devices, like high performance lithium-ion batteries, have constrained raw material resources, difficult recycling process and danger of flammability. Far less attention has been directed to the use lightweight aluminum based batteries in non-aqueous systems as aluminum has lower cost, is more abundant and is safer than lithium. Furthermore, its specific capacity of 2980 mAh g −1 and volumetric capacity of 8040 mAh cm −3 , respectively, are higher than lithium. The number of studies on rechargeable aluminum-based batteries in non-aqueous systems has increased 10-fold in the last decade (Figure 1). Therefore, it seems appropriate and timely to review the state of the art and the implementation of novel ideas and approaches made for rechargeable high performance aluminum-based batteries and reflect on the perspectives, challenges and limitations that these relatively new systems face. Gifford et al. described this novel battery system in 1988 with aluminum and graphite as the negative and positive electrodes respectively, in a Lewis acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquid at room temperature. Chloroaluminate anions intercalated into the graphite electrode reaching 64 Wh kg −1 specific energy at 1.7 V discharge voltage over 150 cycles and 80-90% coulombic efficiency.2 The same idea was taken up several years later by various research groups 1,[3][4][5]

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Section: Future Needs and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Perspective—State of the Art of Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries in Non-Aqueous Systems

Schoetz

León

Ueda

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Stable Quasi‐Solid‐State Aluminum Batteries

et al. 2022

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nonflammable ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes. Thus, they have been considered as one of the candidates for next-generation batteries in large-scale energy storage. [2] Particularly, Al-graphite batteries with a chloroaluminate-based IL electrolyte are the most promising RAB systems due to their high stability, reliability, and low-cost advantages. [3] Nevertheless, the IL electrolytes with their high moisture sensitivity can cause several critical problems in Algraphite batteries, including undesirable volume expansion in the cell, decreased Coulombic efficiency, and irreversible capacity decay, which have limited their practical applications. [2b,c] In the ambient environment, chloroaluminate-based IL electrolytes are prone to absorb H 2 O, and would subsequently react with chloroaluminate-based anions to produce H 2 , Cl 2 , and HCl, which greatly impacts the battery stability (Figure 1a). [4] Meanwhile, the gas will change the geometry of electrode/ electrolyte interface and affect the mass transfer process, resulting in unbalanced energy storage and output. [5] More importantly, the degradation of the chloroaluminate-based IL will substantially undermine the active ions in the electrolytes, which leads to severe performance decay. [6] In the early attempts, the chloroaluminate-based IL was encapsulated in the polymeric frameworks, including polyacrylamide, poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), and polyamide, for achieving gel electrolytes, where the IL provides active ions and polymers act as a protective framework from moisture. [4b,5-7] Although the air stability of IL-based gel electrolytes has been improved due to the shielding effect of polymer frameworks, they still have strong hygroscopic properties. The critical issues of gas production and activity loss have not been effectively addressed in the battery operation, because of very high content of IL (over 90%) and limited protection from the polymer frameworks. [4b] In comparison with liquid electrolytes, employment of a (quasi-) solid-state electrolyte could effectively enhance the stability of the IL-based electrolyte in air, thus substantially promoting the stability in practical RABs (Figure 1b). [8] Therefore, it is urgent to develop an appropriate framework that enables the chloroaluminate-based IL to be carried, for achieving quasi-solid-state electrolytes. As a typical high porosity framework material, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can store large amounts of large molecules and clusters via strong absorptive capability. [9] The stable frameworks in MOFs give rise to a confinement effect on the large molecules and clusters, and thus behave Nonaqueous rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) of low cost and high safety are promising for next-generation energy storage. With the presence of ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes, their high moisture sensitivity and poor stability would lead to critical issues in liquid RABs, including undesirable gas production, irreversible activity loss, and an unstable electrode interface, undermining the operation ...

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Progress and Trends in Nonaqueous Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries

Shen

et al. 2022

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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that equipping Al negative electrode with decent positive electrodes, operable separator and excellent electrolyte to achieve transformation reversibly is an issue.Al-based batteries have been researched for more than 160 years, [20] including Al-air batteries and rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs). The RABs can be divided into aqueous RABs and nonaqueous RABs according to the type of the electrolyte. Considering the low cyclic stability and inferior performance of the Al-air batteries [21] and the narrow potential window of the aqueous RABs [22][23] caused by the decomposition voltage of water (1.23 V), the above mentioned two systems aren't discussed in this paper. Security and the low cost of nonaqueous RABs are regarded as potential energy storage devices. The first functional RAB with Al as the negative electrode was reported in 2011, which exhibited an initial capacity of 305 mA h g −1 . But there was only ≈0.55 V of discharging voltage plateau. [24] In 2015, Sun et al. adopted carbon paper as the positive electrode in RABs creatively, which resulted in an improved average voltage plateau of 1.8 V, the potential application of RABs with prospective energy density aroused the interests of scholars and merchants. [25] In 2015, Lin et al. [26] assembled RABs with Al foil as the negative electrode, 3D graphitic foam as the positive electrode, AlCl 3 /[EMIm]Cl as the electrolyte. The RABs charged and discharged more than 7500 cycles at 4 A g −1 without capacity decay. Since then, many researchers have been turning their eyes to RABs. As can be seen in Figure 2, the positive electrode materials and electrolytes have been devoted increasing attentions year by year and the overall performance of RABs could be further improved by exploring new positive electrode materials and electrolytes. [27] RABs have been achieved great accomplishments after continuous investment. However, some issues are hampering the development of RABs. For instance, the blurry mechanism of RABs, the inferior energy density of the positive electrodes, and the difficulties brought up by corrosion of electrolytes. [28] In addition, the high cost of separators and electrolytes are challenges for commercialization. In this work, the developments of RABs are reviewed, covering exploration and characterization of the mechanism, design criteria, and research status of the components (positive electrodes, electrolytes, negative electrodes, separators, and current collectors) of RABs. Remarkably, the overall performance (energy density, cyclic stability, power density, security, ecofriendliness, and flexibility) of RABs are evaluated from the view of devices. The outlook for boosting the development of RABs is proposed subsequently. It is important to research new energy storage technology for substituting the deficiencies of current energy storage devices, i.e., the poor energy density of lead-acid batteries, the high cost of lithium-ion batteries, etc. Rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) are regarded as one of the most promising storage devic...

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Preparation and characterization of a rechargeable battery based on poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and aluminum in ionic liquids

Cited by 26 publications

References 35 publications

Perspective—State of the Art of Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries in Non-Aqueous Systems

Perspective—State of the Art of Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries in Non-Aqueous Systems

Stable Quasi‐Solid‐State Aluminum Batteries

Progress and Trends in Nonaqueous Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries

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