Preparation and characterization of 3D porous conductive scaffolds with magnetic resonance enhancement in tissue engineering

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as a diagnostic tool in tissue engineering, has received widespread attention because of its ability to consistently provide degradation and absorption of implants in vivo. For some specific human tissues and organs, such as nerves, muscles and myocardium, their regeneration requires tissue engineering scaffolds have a good electrical conductivity. Graphene oxide (GO) has been extensively studied as a conductive biomaterial having mechanical reinforcement. Based on the above, we propose an MRI conductive scaffold containing gelatin (Gel)/gelatin-polycaprolactone (Gel-PCL)/ultra-small paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)/graphene oxide (GO) (Gel/Gel-PCL/USPIO/GO). Their physical and chemical properties as well as biocompatibility are measured in vitro. The purpose of doping USPIO was developed for non-invasive monitoring of tissue engineered implants and tissue reconstruction. Functional modification of GO to match electrophysiological requirement. Co-culture with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells showed good biocompatibility. Blood experiments have also demonstrated the feasibility of scaffolds as tissue engineered implants. The USPIO-labeled conductive scaffold, as an effective image-guided and electrically stimulating implant, appears to be a reconstruction platform for specific tissues and organs.

<p>Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Bone Repair: Advantages for Promoting Bone Formation and Providing Real-Time Detection, Challenges and Future Prospects</p>

“…Thirdly, GDs could be combined with magnetic particles and then introduced into bone repair materials, which could not only make use of the excellent properties of GDs to accelerate bone regeneration, but also enabled that magnetic particles were evenly dispersed and tracked by nuclear magnetic equipment. 53,[160][161][162] For example, Chen et al 53 prepared a composite scaffold containing gelatin/PCL/ultra-small paramagnetic iron oxide/GO (Gel/PCL/USPIO/GO) by freeze-drying. The negatively charged GO could effectively combine with the positively charged USPIO, to ensure that the USPIO provided a stable imaging effect for the scaffolds.…”

“…2019;14(4):045013; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (C). 53 cells mainly through phagocytosis, while the smaller GO sheets mainly entered the cells through molecular sievemediated endocytosis. In another case, Gurunathan et al 166 studied the cytotoxic effects of GO with sizes of 100 nm and 20 nm (GO-100 and GO-20) on Leydig (TM3) and Sertoli (TM4) cells.…”

“…In addition, it has been indicated that GDs could be applied to real-time detection of bone repair process. After GDs were modified with functional groups or combined with fluorescent/magnetic molecules, the imaging efficiency of the GDs-containing composites with various detection equipment such as computed tomography (CT), 48 ultrasound 49 and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 50 could be significantly improved, by which the structural integrity, 51 tumorigenicity, 52 degradability 53 and mineralization 54 of the composites could be real-timely evaluated, which was definitely helpful for further and deeper study of the bone repair process. Compared with most of other substrate contrast agents, GDs could be more conducive to the quantitative control of loaded fluorescent markers or paramagnetic substances 55 based on their excellent conductivity and large SSA.…”

Engineering next-generation bioinks with nanoparticles: moving from reinforcement fillers to multifunctional nanoelements

“…For example, nanocomposite hydrogels with incorporated MNPs have been evaluated as potential tools for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 86 On the other hand, stimuli-responsive nanofillers were also used as adsorbents of growth factors to then deliver them within hydrogels following the strategies described in Section 2.1. For instance, Zhou et al decorated graphene oxide flakes with TGF-b3, which were then incorporated within collagen hydrogels, allowing the chondrogenic differentiation of the encapsulated hMSCs through the controlled delivery of transforming growth factor.…”

Exploring DTI-derived metrics to non-invasively track recellularisation in vascular tissue engineering

“…MRI offers unparalleled soft-tissue contrast, imaging penetration, safety, and most importantlycan provide anatomical, functional, and cellular information [33][34][35] . In the last 15 years, a number of studies have been published investigating cell labelling contrasts such as super paramagnetic iron oxide particles [36][37][38][39][40][41] or the molecule manganese porphyrin 42,43 . These contrasts have been used with conventional T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted imaging sequences and all show the potential to identify cell viability as well as the ability to colocalise changes in measured signal with cell migration.…”