Preparation and biological characterization of the mixture of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/chitosan/Ag nanoparticles for periodontal tissue engineering

Abstract

ObjectiveThis study aims to produce nanoparticles of chitosan (CS), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and silver and investigate the optimal composite ratio of these three materials for periodontal tissue regeneration.MethodsPLGA nanoparticles (nPLGA), CS nanoparticles (nCS), and silver nanoparticles (nAg) were prepared. The antibacterial properties of single nanoparticles and their effects on the proliferation and mineralization of periodontal membrane cells were investigated. Different ratios of nPLGA and nCS were combined, the proliferation and mineralization of periodontal membrane cells were investigated, and based on the results, the optimal ratio was determined. Finally, nPLGA and nCS in optimal ratio were combined with nAg, and the effects of the complex of these three materials on the proliferation and mineralization of periodontal membrane cells were investigated and tested in animals.ResultsThe single nanoparticles were found to have no cytotoxicity and were able to promote cell mineralization. nCS and nAg in low concentrations showed antibacterial activity; however, nAg inhibited cell proliferation. The nPLGA and nCS complex in 3:7 ratio contributed to cell mineralization and had no cytotoxicity. nPLGA/nCS/nAg complex, which had the optimal proportion of the three materials, showed no cytotoxicity and contributed to cell mineralization.ConclusionnPLGA/nCS/nAg complex had no cytotoxicity and contributed to cell mineralization. The 3:7 ratio of nPLGA/nCS and 50 µg/mL nAg were found as the optimal proportion of the three materials.

<p>Improved Immunoregulation of Ultra-Low-Dose Silver Nanoparticle-Loaded TiO₂ Nanotubes via M2 Macrophage Polarization by Regulating GLUT1 and Autophagy</p>

“…8,9 Besides, Ag@TiO 2 -NTs with a lower initial concentration (0.14ppm) of Ag + ions also achieved an excellent synergistic antibacterial capacity in combination with antibiotics both in vitro and in vivo. 10 Interestingly, it has recently been reported that the AgNPs-loaded biomaterials with continuing releasing extremely low dose Ag + could enhance cell adhesion, 10 spreading, 11 proliferation, 12 reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, 11 and new bone formation 13 by the unique controlled-release characteristic and topographic feature.…”

Nanomaterials for Periodontal Tissue Engineering: Chitosan-Based Scaffolds. A Systematic Review

“…In the study by Zang et al [38], the same test showed more dense and well-organized PDLCs in the chitosan scaffold with hJBMMSCSs than the chitosan/anorganic bovine bone and pure chitosan groups. ARS staining of hPDLCs performed by Xue et al [36] recorded more mineralized nodules on the nPLGA/nCS/nAG complex than in negative control group, showing the that this type of membrane may promote cell mineralization. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured by Rammal et al [31] on a bone-mimetic material (B-MM) made from inorganic calcium phosphate combined with CS and hyaluronic acid biopolymers, which acted as a framework for the osteogenic potential of MSCs.…”

“…ALP activity of periodontal ligament cells [21], osteoblasts [34,35], and mesenchymal stem or stromal cells [24] was assessed in four studies (Table 5). Three items analyzed the mineralization level of the newly formed bone with the Masson's trichrome staining method [27,33,38], two assessed it with the ARS staining [31,36] and one with the immunofluorescent staining technique for osteocalcin (OCN) [39] ( Table 6). Twelve of the selected papers performed their experiment in vivo, creating bone defects, which were later covered by CS-based scaffolds: Ge et al [21] created bilateral parietal bone defects (with a diameter of 5 mm) in eighteen eight-week-old rats (weight = 180-220 g), scoring the anesthetized cranial skin, exposing calvaria; parietal cranial 15 mm oval-shaped defects were obtained by Jayash et al [25] using a bone trephine drill.…”

“…Guo et al [23], after making an intraperitoneal injection with 10% chloral hydrate to 30 rats, performed a "V" type incision on the skull with a blade and drew with a drill, a 5 mm-diameter defect reaching the dura mater. Shah et al [32] tested the CS-based scaffold on a subcutaneous pouch of eight-week healthy adult rats weighing 140-180 g. Xue et al [36] anesthetize intramuscularly 3 white rabbits (4-6 months, weight 2-3 kg), exposing the lower edge of the mandible and creating a bone defect in the molar area of the mandibular body. Zang et al (2016) [38], used one-wall, box-shaped, infrabony defects (4 mm width, 7 mm depth) at the distal and mesial aspects of the third premolars and at the mesial aspects of the first molars.…”

Tooth-Supporting Hard Tissue Regeneration Using Biopolymeric Material Fabrication Strategies

“…Rather than 3D scaffolding architectures for bone regeneration, the PLGA biopolymer has been mainly considered and utilized to create nano-/micro-particles to deliver biologics such as growth factors, proteins, drugs, or cells to target tissues [ 78 , 111 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 ]. Moreover, PLGA-based, resorbable barrier membranes have been manufactured for guided bone regeneration (GBR) techniques, which prevent soft tissue infiltration and induce bone formation in defect sites in periodontal tissue engineering [ 118 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 ].…”