Preparation and Application of Electrodes in Capacitive Deionization (CDI): a State-of-Art Review

Abstract

As a promising desalination technology, capacitive deionization (CDI) have shown practicality and cost-effectiveness in brackish water treatment. Developing more efficient electrode materials is the key to improving salt removal performance. This work reviewed current progress on electrode fabrication in application of CDI. Fundamental principal (e.g. EDL theory and adsorption isotherms) and process factors (e.g. pore distribution, potential, salt type and concentration) of CDI performance were presented first. It was then followed by in-depth discussion and comparison on properties and fabrication technique of different electrodes, including carbon aerogel, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene and ordered mesoporous carbon. Finally, polyaniline as conductive polymer and its potential application as CDI electrode-enhancing materials were also discussed.

Deionização Capacitiva Para Promover a Democratização Do Acesso À Água Potável

“…O desenvolvimento de novos materiais para a composição dos eletrodos é fundamental para melhor eficiência no processo de remoção dos sais. A polianilina é o polímero condutor mais pesquisado por conta das excelentes propriedades elétricas e estabilidade (JIA & ZHANG, 2016).…”

“…Ao ser aplicado uma diferença de potencial aos eletrodos, ocorre a expulsão de contra-íons e a atração de co-íons simultaneamente, o que reduz a eficiência da dessalinização. Para solucionar esse problema, foram desenvolvidas técnicas para a deionização capacitiva com membrana (DICM) (JIA & ZHANG, 2016). Nesse sentindo, Zornitta (2015) explica que:…”

“…A deionização capacitiva (DIC), que começou a ser estudada por volta de 1960, é provavelmente a alternativa mais viável para os entraves apresentados nos demais métodos. Utilizando baixos potenciais elétricos na retirada de íons de águas salobras é uma tecnologia com baixo consumo de energia e de fácil manutenção (JIA & ZHANG, 2016).…”

Short Review of Multichannel Membrane Capacitive Deionization: Principle, Current Status, and Future Prospect

“…Over the last few decades, CDI has become remarkably advanced with various types of electrodes including capacitive electrodes with carbonaceous materials (i.e., activated carbon, carbon aerogel, carbon nanotubes, and graphene) [11][12][13][14][15] and faradaic electrodes with battery and battery-like materials (i.e., sodium manganese oxide, molybdenum disulfide, Mxene, silver/silver chloride, and Prussian blue analogs) [16][17][18][19][20]. These electrode materials have led to novel systematic developments.…”

Activated Luffa derived biowaste carbon for enhanced desalination performance in brackish water

“…To complement the advantages of MCDI, much research has been devoted to developing electrode materials with high surface area, better pore size distribution and superior electrical conductivity. 12 Among them, carbon aerogels, 13,14 graphene composites, [15][16][17] carbon nanotubes, 18,19 nanobers, 20,21 mesoporous carbons, 22,23 activated carbons, 24,25 have been studied as promising electrode materials for MCDI. Unfortunately, most of these materials were synthesized using petroleum-derived chemicals, which are limited and non-renewable involving tedious synthetic process thus enhancing the cost of production applications.…”